http://JUDIS.NIC.IN SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Page 1 of 5  

CASE NO.: Appeal (crl.)  20 of 2003

PETITIONER: Surendra Paswan                                          

RESPONDENT: State of Jharkhand                                               

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 28/11/2003

BENCH: DORAISWAMY RAJU & ARIJIT PASAYAT.

JUDGMENT: J U D G M E N T

ARIJIT PASAYAT,J

                One Barhan Das (hereinafter referred to as the deceased) paid  price for changing his loyalty from one trade union to another and  Surendra (hereinafter referred to as the ’accused’) was said to be  instrumental in taking away his life.  Four persons faced trial for  alleged commission of offence punishable under Section 302 read with  Section 34 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (for short the ’IPC’). The  trial Court convicted them accordingly. The matter was carried in appeal  before the Jharkhand High Court which by the impugned order dismissed  the appeal filed by the accused appellant and held that accusations  under Section 302 IPC have been made out against him who was accused  No.4 before the trial Court. Kedar Dusadh (A-1) died during the pendency  of the appeal before the High Court. Chandrika Das (A-2) and Krishna  Kumar (A-3) were given the benefit of doubt and their acquittal was  directed.  

       Prosecution version as unfolded during trial is as follows:

       At about 9.30 a.m. on 1.8.1995 the deceased and his son Satyendra  Das (PW-4) had gone to take tea near the shop of one Siyaram (PW-5).  Hira Sao (PW-1) and Ravindra Sao (PW-2) were also sitting near the shop.  Suddenly, the four accused persons came from the side of the road.  Accused Krishna Kumar came towards the informant (PW-4) and the deceased  and directed that the deceased should be assaulted. On hearing this,  accused appellant Surendra took out a pistol from his waist and fired at  the deceased. The bullet hit left eye of the deceased. After such firing  all the four accused persons  fled away. On receiving the bullet injury,  deceased fell down and became unconscious. The informant with the help  of others took him to nearby hospital where he was declared dead.  According to the information given at the police station on which  investigation was started, the four accused persons were working in the  Katras Colliery. The deceased was a labour leader. Since he left the  union to which the accused persons belonged and joined another union,  this has caused annoyance to the accused persons and because of this,  the murder was committed. After completion of investigation charge sheet  was placed. The accused persons pleaded false implication.  

Placing reliance on the evidence of the eye-witnesses, the trial  Court convicted the accused persons and the conviction was maintained by  the High Court so far as only the accused appellant is concerned. The  High Court’s judgment is under challenge in this appeal.  

       Learned counsel for the appellant submitted that the information  given by the informant cannot be treated as a first information report

http://JUDIS.NIC.IN SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Page 2 of 5  

as the police officials had already received information about the  incident. Therefore, the statement made was hit by provisions of Section  162 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (in short the ’Cr.P.C.’).  The place of occurrence has been changed as no blood was seized from the  cot where the deceased was purportedly sitting at the time of attack.  The so-called eye witnesses had stated that blood had spilled over to  the cot. Though the prosecution case is that one bullet was fired, the  investigating officer at certain stages in his statement in Court has  stated that he recovered a pellet. Bullet and pellet are different  things. The prosecution has suppressed the actual scenario and this is  evident from the different types of ammunition deposed about. The bullet  which was found embodied on the body of the deceased was extracted by  the doctor who had handed it over to the police officials. The same was  not sent for chemical examination. Therefore, the conviction cannot be  maintained. Additionally, the investigating officer had accepted that  the accused appellant was found at a distance of about 50 feet from the  place of occurrence in an injured and unconscious stage which  necessitated his admission to hospital. The injuries on the accused were  not explained by the prosecution and the investigation was perfunctory  as is evident from the accepted fact that the medical report of the  accused-appellant was not even collected and seized bullet was not sent  for ballistic examination. Strong reliance was placed on the decision of  this Court in Sukhwant Singh v. State of Punjab (AIR 1995 SC 1601) to  contend that same was fatal to the prosecution case. In the statement  under Section 313 of the Cr.P.C. the accused appellant had taken a  definite stand that a shot was fired by the deceased which did not hit  him and the deceased and Satyendra Das, Munna Das, Hira Sao and Ravindra  Sao assaulted him and made him senseless. The injuries were of serious  nature. The defence version was more probable and therefore the  conviction should be set aside was the plea.  

       In response, learned counsel for the State submitted that three  eye-witnesses specifically deposed regarding the place of occurrence,  the manner of assault and gave detailed description of the entire  scenario. The trial Court and the High Court have analysed their  evidence and found to be credible, cogent and trustworthy. That being  the position, there is no scope for interference in this appeal.  Further, there was a confusion between bullet and pellet which has been  clarified by the investigating officer. Merely because the bullet which  was extracted by the doctor was not sent for chemical examination, it  would not be a factor which would outweigh the testimonial worth of the  eye-witnesses. The injuries have not been established by the accused to  have been sustained in course of the incident as per the  prosecution  version. There was not even any suggestion about the defence version to  any of the prosecution witnesses and for the first time while giving  statement under Section 313 Cr.P.C. the plea has been taken.  

       We shall first deal with the question regarding non-explanation of  injuries on the accused.        Issue is if there is no such explanation what  would be its effect? We are not prepared to agree with the learned  counsel for the defence that in each and every case where prosecution  fails to explain the injuries found on some of the accused, the  prosecution case should automatically be rejected, without any further  probe. In Mohar Rai and Bharath Rai v. The State of Bihar (1968 (3) SCR  525), it was observed:

       "...In our judgment, the failure of the  prosecution to offer any explanation in that regard  shows that evidence of the prosecution witnesses  relating to the incident is not true or at any rate  not wholly true. Further those injuries probabilise  the plea taken by the appellants."

In another important case Lakshmi Singh and Ors. v. State of Bihar (1976  (4) SCC 394), after referring to the ratio laid down in Mohar Rai’s case

http://JUDIS.NIC.IN SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Page 3 of 5  

(supra), this Court observed:

               "Where the prosecution fails to explain the  injuries on the accused, two results follow:

               (1)     that the evidence of the prosecution  witnesses is untrue; and (2) that the injuries  probabilise the plea taken by the appellants."

It was further observed that:

"In a murder case, the non-explanation of the  injuries sustained by the accused at about the time  of the occurrence or in the course of altercation is  a very important circumstance from which the Court  can draw the following inferences:

       (1)     that the prosecution has suppressed the  genesis and the origin of the occurrence and has thus  not presented the true version;

       (2)     that the witnesses who have denied the  presence of the injuries on the person of the accused  are lying on a most material point and, therefore,  their evidence is unreliable;

       (3)     that in case there is a defence version  which explains the injuries on the person of the  accused assumes much greater importance where the  evidence consists of interested or inimical witnesses  or where the defence gives a version which competes  in probability with that of the prosecution one."

In Mohar Rai’s case (supra) it is made clear that failure of the  prosecution to offer any explanation regarding the injuries found on the  accused may show that the evidence related to the incident is not true  or at any rate not wholly true. Likewise in Lakshmi Singh’s case (supra)  it is observed that any non-explanation of the injuries on the accused  by the prosecution may affect the prosecution case. But such a non- explanation may assume greater importance where the defence gives a  version which competes in probability with that of the prosecution. But  where the evidence is clear, cogent and creditworthy and where the Court  can distinguish the truth from falsehood the mere fact that the injuries  are not explained by the prosecution cannot by itself be a sole basis to  reject such evidence, and consequently the whole case. Much depends on  the facts and circumstances of each case. These aspects were highlighted  by this Court in Vijayee Singh and Ors. v. State of U.P. (AIR 1990 SC  1459).

       Non-explanation of injuries by the prosecution will not affect  prosecution case where injuries sustained by the accused are minor and  superficial or where the evidence is so clear and cogent, so independent  and disinterested, so probable, consistent and creditworthy, that it  outweighs the effect of the omission on the part of prosecution to  explain the injuries. As observed by this Court in Ramlagan Singh v.  State of Bihar (AIR 1972 SC 2593) prosecution is not called upon in all  cases to explain the injuries received by the accused persons.  It is  for the defence to put questions to the prosecution witnesses regarding  the injuries of the accused persons.  When that is not done, there is no  occasion for the prosecution witnesses to explain any injury on the  person of an accused.  In Hare krishna Singh and Ors. v. State of Bihar  (AIR 1988 SC 863), it was observed that the obligation of the  prosecution to explain the injuries sustained by the accused in the same  occurrence may not arise in each and every case. In other words, it is

http://JUDIS.NIC.IN SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Page 4 of 5  

not an invariable rule that the prosecution has to explain the injuries  sustained by the accused in the same occurrence.  If the witnesses  examined on behalf of the prosecution are believed by the Court in proof  of guilt of the accused beyond reasonable doubt, question of obligation  of prosecution to explain injuries sustained by the accused will not  arise.  When the prosecution comes with a definite case that the offence  has been committed by the accused and proves its case beyond any  reasonable doubt, it becomes hardly necessary for the prosecution to  again explain how and under what circumstances injuries have been  inflicted on the person of the accused.  It is more so when the injuries  are simple or superficial in nature.  In the case at hand, trifle and  superficial injuries on accused are of little assistance to them to  throw doubt on veracity of prosecution case.          

       So far as the non seizure of blood from the cot is concerned, the  investigating officer has stated that he found blood stained earth at  the place of occurrence and had seized it. Merely because it was not  sent for chemical examination, it may be a defect in the investigation  but does not corrode the evidentiary value of the eye-witnesses. The  investigating officer did not find presence of blood on the cot. The  trial Court and the High Court have analysed this aspect. It has been  found that after receiving the bullet injury the deceased leaned forward  and whatever blood was profusing spilled over to the earth.

So far as the effect of the bullet being not sent for chemical  examination, it has to be noted that Sukhwant Singh’s case (supra) is  not an authority for the proposition as submitted that whenever a bullet  is not sent for chemical examination the prosecution has to fail. In  that case one of the factors which weighed with this Court for not  finding the accused guilty was the prosecution’s failure to send the  weapon and the bullet for ballistic examination. In the instant case,  the weapon was not seized. That makes a significant factual difference  between Sukhwant Singh’s case (supra) and the present case.

       It has to be noted that there was not even a suggestion to any of  the prosecution witnesses that the injuries were sustained by the  accused-appellant in the manner indicated by him, as stated  for the  first time in the statement under Section 313 Cr.P.C.  

So far as the confusion relating to bullet and  pellet is  concerned, the same has been clarified by the doctor’s evidence. In his  examination the doctor (PW-3) has categorically stated that there was  only one injury on the body of the deceased and no other injury was  found anywhere on the person of the deceased. Therefore, the question of  the deceased having received any injury by a pellet stated to have been  recovered by the investigating officer is not established. The  investigating officer has clarified that the bullet embodied was given  to the police officials by the doctor which was initially not produced  as it was in the Malkhana but subsequently the witness was recalled and  it was produced in Court.  

Though it may not be having any determinative value, certain  suggestions given to the witnesses make interesting reading. A question  was put to PW-4 in cross examination which reads as follows:

"x              x               x               x               x

It is not correct that Hira, Ravindra did not run to  catch the accused persons, rather they themselves ran  away".  

       This in a way probabilises the prosecution version and does not in  any way establish the defence version as is indicated for the first time  in the statement under Section 313 Cr.P.C. and has pleaded before this  Court to be a ground for doubting the veracity of the prosecution

http://JUDIS.NIC.IN SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Page 5 of 5  

version.  

The well reasoned judgments of the trial Court and the High Court  do not need any interference. The appeal is without any merit and is  dismissed.