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                                                      REPORTABLE

                IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

                CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

            CIVIL APPEAL NO. 3575             OF 2008              (Arising out of SLP (C) No.21080 of 2006)

Sapna                                             ... Appellant

                               Versus

United India Insurance Co. Ltd. & Anr.            ... Respondents

                         JUDGMENT

S.B. Sinha, J.

1.    Leave granted.

2.    What should be the fair and adequate compensation for permanent

disability suffered by a 12 years’ girl in an accident involving a motor

vehicle is the question involved herein. On 3.9.1999, at about 10.00 am,

Sapna, while going to a temple, was hit by a ‘jeep’, used as a taxi. She

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was dragged along with the jeep to a distance of about 15-20 feet. She

suffered compound fracture of left knee and dislocation of Patellae/bone

of left knee and skin and muscles above and below came out and veins

got cut and knee got completely damaged and bones of left leg became

bare due to tearing of skin and flesh and left leg bent at 90 degree at knee

as a result whereof she has become crippled and completely disabled to

walk. The skin of right leg from thigh to ankle was also peeled off

resulting in serious wounds.

3.    She was taken to a hospital and admitted as an inpatient therein for

about 25 days. A sum of Rs.45,000/- were expended for her treatment

till that day. It is stated that she is still required to undergo treatment

from the aforementioned hospital.

4.    A claim petition was filed praying for grant of compensation for a

sum of Rs.6,45,000/.       The learned Tribunal passed an award of

Rs.82,569/- together with 8% simple interest thereupon.

5.    Aggrieved thereby, the appellant preferred an appeal. By reason of

the impugned judgment, the High Court has enhanced the amount of

compensation to Rs.2,00,000/- but reduced the rate of interest to 6%

from 8% p.a.

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6.    Mr. Garg, learned counsel appearing on behalf of the appellant,

submits that the Tribunal as also the High Court committed a serious

error in passing the impugned awards insofar as they failed to take into

consideration that having regard to the nature of injuries suffered by the

appellant in the said accident, not only her education has come to an end

but also her future matrimonial prospect are also adversely affected and,

thus, she was entitled to a higher amount of compensation. She being

completely dependent upon her parents, the Tribunal as also the High

Court should have, while determining the amount of compensation,

considered that even for the purpose of future treatment, a sum of

Rs.1,50,000/- would be required.      It was urged that considering the

provisions contained in the Second Schedule to the Motor Vehicles Act

and furthermore having regard to the mental agony suffered by the

appellant, this Court should enhance the amount of compensation.

7.    Mr. Nanda, learned counsel appearing on behalf of the respondent,

on the other hand, would submit that the loss has to be determined as on

the date of the accident; even the amount of future treatment should be

determined as on the date of the award. Appellant, admittedly, did not

have any income and in that view of the matter the award of the Tribunal

and the High Court should not be interfered with.

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8.    The principles governing a claim petition for assessing the

damages in case of bodily injury suffered is that while awarding the

compensation, the Tribunal should consider all relevant factors so as to

enable the insured to be put in the same position as if he had not

sustained any injury. The principle of Restitutio-in-integrum may be

applied in a case of nature. Pecuniary loss and non-pecuniary loss are

required to be pressed under certain heads. So far as the pecuniary loss is

concerned, the same can be ascertained. What is required to be done is a

balancing act by awarding such sum which, on the one hand, shall take

care of the loss suffered by the claimant for the present time and future

pecuniary benefits and, on the other, pecuniary advantages which from

whatever source comes to them by reason of such injuries. So far as non-

pecuniary loss is concerned, the same has to be assessed broadly under

certain heads, namely, damages for physical pain, mental suffering etc.

besides the amount spent on medical treatment, if any.

9.    Expenditure for medical treatment has been granted. The High

Court, in its judgment, noticed that although the Tribunal had referred to

the likely effect on the matrimonial prospects of the appellant on account

of permanent disability, due regard in that behalf had not been given.

     The High Court opined :

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            "Considering the age of the claimant Km.              Sapna at the time of the accident; the nature of              the injuries and the fractures suffered by her in              the accident; the extent of permanent disability              suffered by her in left leg on account of the              injuries sustained in the accident; the amount of              physical pain and mental suffering she must              have suffered during the period she remained              hospitalised and her left leg was under plaster;              the fact that the permanent disability to the              extent of 90% in her left leg is bound to affect              adversely her matrimonial prospects and that              for rest of her life she would remain crippled              and in view of the guidelines laid down by the              Apex Court in the above quoted dicta, we are of              the opinion that a lump sum of Rs.2,00,000/-              (Rupees Two Lakhs only) would be just and              proper compensation to the claimant for the              injuries suffered by her in the accident, the              amount spent on treatment, physical pain and              mental suffering, loss of future earning capacity              and other permissible heads."

10.   No reason has been assigned in support thereof. In arriving at the

said figure, only loss of matrimonial prospect has been taken into

consideration. The fact that she would remain crippled throughout her

life was also noticed but it does not appear that any serious consideration

was bestowed thereupon.

11.   The principle that is to be applied in a case of this nature that the

amount of compensation should be just and fair is not in dispute. What

would, however, be just and fair amount of compensation is required to

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be determined having regard to the facts and circumstances of the case

involved. In given cases, the courts may deviate from the structured

formula. In terms of the Second Schedule, where the deceased or injured

were not having any income, the statute presumes an income of or about

15,000/- per month. If having regard to the age of the appellant, the

multiplier of 15 is applied, a sum of Rs.2,25,000/- would be payable.

Besides the said sum, not only some amount of compensation should be

awarded under the heading of mental agony but also some provision

should be made for future treatment.

12.   In Abati Bezbaruah v. Dy. Director General, Geological Survey of

India & Anr. [(2003) 3 SCC 148], it was held :

           "11. It is now a well-settled principle of law             that the payment of compensation on the basis             of structured formula as provided for under the             Second Schedule should not ordinarily be             deviated from. Section 168 of the Motor             Vehicles Act lays down the guidelines for             determination of the amount of compensation             in terms of Section 166 thereof. Deviation             from the structured formula, however, as has             been held by this Court, may be resorted to in             exceptional cases. Furthermore, the amount of             compensation should be just and fair in the             facts and circumstances of each case."

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     We may also notice a decision in Nagappa v. Gurudayal Singh &

Ors. [(2003) 2 SCC 274] wherein a Three Judge Bench of this Court

opined that the law does not permit passing of any further award after the

final award was passed, stating :

            "Therefore, in a case where injury to a victim              requires periodical medical expenses, fresh              award cannot be passed or previous award              cannot be reviewed when the medical expenses              are incurred after finalization of the              compensation proceedings. Hence, the only              alternative is that at the time of passing of final              award, the Tribunal/court should consider such              eventuality and fix compensation accordingly.              No one can suggest that it is improper to take              into account expenditure genuinely and              reasonably required to be incurred for future              medical expenses. Future medical expenses              required to be incurred can be determined only              on the basis of fair guesswork after taking into              account increase in the cost of medical              treatment."

13.   What would be the genuine and reasonable expenditure likely to

be incurred by the appellant towards her future treatment is not borne out

from the records. It would require serious consideration for the purpose

of award of damages. When a person becomes completely incapable to

do any work and virtually has no enjoyment for life, the same form

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relevant factors and, thus, requires consideration for the purpose of

determining a fair and reasonable amount of compensation.

14.   It has not been disputed that future treatment for the appellant

would be necessary. If future treatment is necessary, some provision

should be made therefor. In absence of any clear cut estimate, we are

inclined to award a further sum of Rs.75,000/- under the said head. She

may require another operation. She may require to be provided with an

artificial limb. We, direct accordingly.

15.   Similar question came up for consideration in Madhya Pradesh

State Road Transport Corporation Bairagarh, Bhopal v. Sudhakar & Ors.

[AIR 1977 SC 1189] wherein this Court held :

            "The other appeal (C.A. No.2255 of 1968)              relates to the injury sustained by a boy aged              about four years. He suffered compound              fracture of his right tibia and fibula lower third              near the ankle joint with infection of the              wound, skin-grafting had to be done and the              boy had to remain in hospital from June 25 to              August 4, 1961. According to the doctor who              examined him, the child was likely to develop a              permanent limp which might require another              operation at the age of 16 years or so. In any              case, in the opinion of the doctor the deformity              was certain to persist till the boy was 16 years              when another operation might remove it. The              tribunal awarded Rs.10,000/- as general              damages and Rs.890/- as special damages. The

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              High Court increased the general damages to                Rs.20,000/-. It appears from the evidence that                the boy comes from a well-to-do family.                Though the possibility was there of the                deformity being removed by surgical operation                when he grew up to be 16 years, the other                possibility cannot be altogether ruled out. That                being the position, we are not inclined to                interfere with the sum awarded by the High                Court."

16.    Out of the aforementioned amount, if not already distributed, the

Tribunal shall invest a sum of Rs.2,00,000/- in a fixed deposit till she

attains majority. As and when any amount is required for her treatment

or for other expenditure, the sum may be released. The learned Tribunal,

however, shall be at liberty to pass such other order or orders if and when

found necessary therefor.

17.    The appeal is allowed to the aforementioned extent with no order

as to costs.

                                                 .............................J.                                                   [S.B. Sinha]

                                                 .............................J.                                                   [Lokeshwar Singh Panta]

New Delhi May 14, 2008.