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CASE NO.: Appeal (civil) 244  of  1997

PETITIONER: S.R. CHAUDHURI

       Vs.

RESPONDENT: STATE OF  PUNJAB & ORS.

DATE OF JUDGMENT:       17/08/2001

BENCH: CJI, R.C. Lahoti & K.G. Balakrishnan

JUDGMENT:

DR. A.S. ANAND, CJI :

       Respondent No.2, Shri Tej Parkash Singh, was appointed as a Minister in the State of  Punjab on the advice of the Chief Minister, Sardar Harcharan Singh Barar on 9.9.1995.  At t he time of his appointment as a Minister, he was not a Member of  Legislative Assembly in Pu njab.  He failed to get himself elected as a  Member of the Legislature of the State of Punj ab within a period of six months and submitted his resignation from the council of Ministers  on 8.3.1996.  During the term of the same Legislative Assembly, there was a change in the l eadership of the ruling party. Smt. Rajinder Kaur Bhattal, Respondent No.3, was, on her elec tion as Leader of the Ruling Party, appointed Chief Minister of the State of Punjab on 21.11 .1996.  Respondent No.2, who had  not been elected as a Member of the Legislature even till  then, was once again appointed as a Minister  w.e.f. 23.11.1996.  The Appellant filed a peti tion seeking  writ of quo warranto against Respondent No.2.  It was stated in the petition t hat appointment of Respondent No.2 for a second time during the term of the same legislature , without being elected as  a Member of the Legislature was  violative of  constitutional pr ovisions and, therefore, bad.  The Division Bench of the High Court vide order dated 3.12.19 96 dismissed the writ petition in limine.  This appeal by special leave calls in question th e order and judgment of the High Court dismissing the writ petition in limine.         Since, the meaningful question involved in this appeal revolves around the ambit and  scope of Article 164 and in particular of Article 164(4) of the Constitution of India - let  us first examine that Article :-

"164.  Other provisions as to Ministers. - (1) The Chief Minister shall be appointed by the  Governor and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chi ef Minister, and the Ministers shall hold office during the pleasure of the Governor.

Provided that in the States of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa, there shall be a Minister i n charge of tribal welfare who may in addition be in charge of the welfare of the Schedule C astes and backward classes or any other work.

(2)     The Council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the Legislative Assemb ly of the State.

(3)     Before a Minister enters upon his office, the Governor shall administer to him the o aths of office and of secrecy according to the forms set out for the purpose in the Third Sc hedule.

(4)     A Minister who for any period of six consecutive months is not a member of the Legis lature of the State shall at the expiration of that period cease to be a Minister.

(5)     The salaries and allowances of Ministers shall be such as the Legislature of the Sta

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te may from time to time by law determine and, until the Legislature of the State so determi nes, shall be as specified in the Second Schedule."

Under Article 164(1), the Governor shall appoint the Chief Minister exercising his own discr etion, according to established practice and conventions.        All other Ministers are to  be appointed by the Governor on the Advice of the Chief Minister.  In view of the provisions  of Article 164(2) the Council of Ministers shall all be collectively responsible to the Leg islative Assembly of the State.  This provision, in a sense, indicates that members of the C ouncil of Ministers shall all be members of the Legislature, to which the Council of Ministe rs is collectively responsible.  This, however, is subject to an exception provided by Artic le 164(4) to meet an extra-ordinary situation, where the Chief Minister considers the inclus ion of a particular person, who is not a member of the Legislature, in the Council of Minist ers necessary.  To take care of such a situation, Article 164(4) provides  that if a non-mem ber is appointed a Minister, he would cease to be a Minister unless in a short period of six  consecutive months from the date of his appointment he gets elected to the Legislature. Article 164(4) can in fact  trace its lineage  to Section 10(2) of the Government of India A ct, 1935 which reads:

10(2). "A minister who for any period of six consecutive months is not a member of either Ch amber of  the Federal Legislature shall at the expiration of that period cease to be a minis ter."

In Prof. C.L. Anand’s book "Constitutional Law and History of Government of India, Governmen t of India Act, 1935 and the Constitution of India" (Seventh Edition, 1992) referring to the  Parliamentary Debates on the enactment of clause ( 2 ) of Section 10 of Government of India  Act, 1935, the author says:

"Clause(2).-This clause follows the recent Constitutions of Australia and South Africa, but  it is not in the Canadian Constitution, and      is no part of the English Constitution.  As  a matter of practice, however, even in England appointments are not made from outside Parli ament except incase of some national emergency such as war.  While the law in England does n ot require that a Minister must be a member of Parliament, there is a strong convention to t he effect that a Minister who has not a seat in Parliament must get one, the reason being th e advantage of the interplay between the Executive and the Legislature. An amendment was moved by Sir Charles Oman to leave out clause (2) of Section 10 (supra).  V iscount Wolmer referred to the difficulties which made the Amendment (provision) desirable,  such as the occasional practical difficulty in forming a suitable Ministry without breaking  the normal practice, and emphasised      the advisability of securing that elasticity in the  choice of Ministers which exists under an unwritten Constitution.      It was also stated t hat the objection to omission of the clause could not be serious in view of the fact that me mbers of the Federal Assembly would be returned by indirect election.  The Secretary of Stat e opposed the Amendment on the grounds, firstly, that it was contrary to public opinion in I ndia which regarded it as "the thin edge of the wedge for re-introducing the official block, " and, secondly, all Governments in India thought that the proposal would not be acceptable  to the Ministries in India.  Besides the object aimed at could be secured by the Governor-Ge neral nominating the desired person as a member of the Upper Chamber if he failed to obtain  within six months an elected seat.  In reply to the view taken that members of the Federal A ssembly would be returned by indirect election and, therefore, would not necessarily be repr esentative of public opinion, it was stated that, nevertheless, it was on the hole more demo cratic to select Ministers form such persons than to nominate them from outside the Legislat ure.  The Amendment was negatived."

Before proceeding to deal with the interpretation of the Article and consideration of variou s precedents, it would be useful to take note of the debates of the Constituent Assembly dur ing the enactment of Article 164(4).

       Article 144(3) of the Draft Constitution which corresponds to Article 164(4) of the  Constitution read:         "A Minister who, for any period of six consecutive months, is not a member of the Le gislature of the State shall at the expiration of that period cease to be a Minister."

During the debate on this Draft Article, Mr. Mohd. Tahir, M.P. proposed the following amendm ent: - "That for clause (3) of article 144, the following be substituted:

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(3) A Minister shall, at the time of his being chosen as such be a member of the Legislative  Assembly or Legislative Council of the State as the case may be."

       Speaking in support of the proposed amendment, Mr. Tahir said in the Constituent Ass embly: "This provision appears that it does not fit with the spirit of democracy.  This is a provis ion which was also provided in the Government of India Act of 1935 and of course those days  were the days of Imperialism and fortunately those days have gone.  This was then provided b ecause if a Governor finds his choice in someone to appoint as Minister and fortunately or u nfortunately if that man is not elected by the people of the country, then that man used to  be appointed as Minister through the backdoor as has been provided in the Constitution and i n 1935 Act.  But now the people of the States will elect members of the Legislative Assembly  and certainly we should think they will send the best men of the States to be their represe ntatives in the Council or Legislative Assembly.  Therefore I do not find any reason why a m an who till then was not elected by the people of the States and which means that, that man  was not liked by the people of the States to be their representative in the Legislative Asse mbly or the Council, then Sir, why that man is to be appointed as the Minister."

       Dr. Ambedkar opposing the amendment replied :

       "Now, with regard to the first point, namely, that no person shall be entitled to be  appointed a Minister unless he is at the time of his appointment an elected member of the H ouse, I think it forgets to take into consideration certain important matters which cannot b e overlooked.  First is this, - it is perfectly possible to imagine that a person who is oth erwise competent to hold the post of a Minister has been defeated in a constituency for some  reason which, although it may be perfectly good, might have annoyed the constituency and he  might have incurred the displeasure of that particular constituency.  It is not a reason wh y a member so competent as that should be not permitted to be appointed a member of the Cabi net on the assumption that he shall be able to get himself elected either from the same cons tituency or from another constituency. After all the privilege that is permitted is a privil ege that extends only for six months.  It does not confer a right to that individual to sit  in the House without being elected at all.      My second submission is this, that the fact  that a nominated Minister is a member of the Cabinet, does not either violate the principle  of collective responsibility nor does it violate the principle of confidence, because if he  is a member of the Cabinet, if he is prepared to accept the policy of the Cabinet, stands pa rt of the Cabinet and resigns with the Cabinet, when he ceases to have the confidence of the  House, his membership of the Cabinet does not in any way cause any inconvenience or breach  of the fundamental principles on which parliamentary government is based. "

(Emphasis supplied)

After the debate the proposed amendment was negatived and Article 144(3) was adopted. The ambit and  scope of Article 164(4) came up for consideration before a Constitution Bench  of this Court in Har Sharan Verma v. Shri Tribhuvan Narain Singh, Chief Minister, U.P. and  another, 1971(1) SCC 616.  The issue arose in connection with the appointment of Shri T.N. S ingh, who was not a Member of either House of Legislature of the State of Uttar Pradesh, as  Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh.  The Constitution Bench referred to the position  as prevai ling in England.  It was observed that invariably  all  Ministers must be members of the Par liament but if in some exceptional case, a Minister,  is not a member of the Parliament, he  can continue to be a Minister for a brief period during which he must get elected in order t o continue as a Minister. This Court upholding the judgment of the High Court, rejected the  challenge to the appointment of Shri T.N. Singh as Chief Minister in view of Article 164(4)  of the Constitution. The Court opined that the Governor has the discretion to appoint, as a  Chief Minister, a person, who is not a member of the legislature at the time of his appointm ent but the Chief Minister is required, with a view to continue in office as a Chief Ministe r, get himself elected to the legislature within a period of six consecutive months from the  date of his appointment.         The issue was once again  raised by the same writ petitioner and was considered by a  Division Bench of this Court in Har Sharan Verma v. State of U.P. and another, (1985) 2 SCC  48.  The  writ petitioner argued that a  Governor cannot appoint a person, who is not a Mem ber of the Legislature, as a Minister under Article 164(1).      According to the writ petit ioner Article 164(4) of the Constitution in terms would only be applicable to a person, who

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has "been a Minister but who ceases to be a member of the Legislature for some reason or the  other  such as the setting aside of his election in any election petition".  Sustenance, fo r  this argument was sought from the provisions of  amended Article 173(a) which provides :  "Article 173. Qualification for membership of the State Legislature.- A person shall not be  qualified to be chosen to fill a seat in the Legislature of a State unless he- (a) is a citizen of India, and makes and subscribes before some person authorised in that be half by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the  purpose in the Third Schedule;

Relying upon the Constitution Bench judgment in Har Sharan Verma v. Shri Tribhuvan Narain Si ngh (supra), the Court opined: "It is thus seen that there is no material change brought about by reason of the amendment o f Article 173(a) of the Constitution in the legal position that a person who is not a member  of the State Legislature may be appointed as a Minister subject, of course, to clause (4) o f Article 164 of the Constitution which says that a Minister who for any period of six conse cutive months is not a member of the Legislature of the State shall at the expiration of tha t period cease to be a Minister."

An issue of interpretation of Article 75(5) which is in pari- materia to Article 164(4) came  up for consideration in Har Sharan Verma Vs.   Union of India and another,      1987(Supp.)  SCC 310.  In this case, appointment of Shri Sita Ram Kesari, as a Minister of State in the  Central Cabinet was put in issue in a writ petition filed in the Allahabad High Court, once  again by the same writ petitioner,      Shri Hari Sharan Verma,  on the ground that since Sh ri Kesari was not a Member of either House of Parliament on the date of his appointment as a  Minister, he could not have been appointed as a Minister of State in the Central Cabinet.   The High Court dismissed the writ petition by a reasoned order though in limine.  This Court  agreed with the High Court and after taking note of Article 75, which makes provision for   appointment of Central Ministers and particularly  Clause (5) thereof, which reads: "A Minister who for any period of six consecutive months is not a member of either House of  Parliament shall at the expiration of that period cease to be a Member."

And Article 88, which provides: "Every Member and the Attorney-General of India shall have the right to speak in, and otherw ise to take part in the proceedings of, either House, any joint sitting of the Houses, and a ny committee of Parliament of which he may be named a member, but shall not by virtue of thi s article be entitled to vote." opined: "The combined affect of these two articles is that a person not being a Member of either Hou se of Parliament can be a Minister up to a period of six months.   Though he would not have  any right to vote, he would be entitled to participate in the proceedings thereof.  The peti tioner admits that in the thirty-seven years of constitutional regime in this country there  have been several instances where a person has held the office as Minister either at the Cen tre or in the State (there are corresponding provisions for the State), not being a member o f the appropriate legislature at the time of appointment."

                                                       (Emphasis ours)

Thus, this Court once again held that a person, not being a Member of either House of Legisl ature could be appointed a Minister,  but he could continue as a Minister for a period of si x consecutive months only during which period he should get himself elected to the Legislatu re or else he must cease to be a Minister after expiry of that period.

Shri H.D. Deve Gowda, who was not a Member of either House of Parliament was appointed as th e Prime Minister of India.      His appointment was put in issue in S.P. Anand, Indore v. H. D. Deve Gowda and others, (1996) 6 SCC 734.      After noticing various provisions of the Co nstitution, this Court while upholding his appointment  observed: "A Constitution Bench of this Court had occasion to consider whether a person who is not a m ember of either House of the State Legislature could be appointed a Minister of State and th is question was answered in the affirmative on a true interpretation of Articles 163 and 164  of the Constitution which, in material particulars, correspond to Articles 74 and 75 bearin g on the question of appointment of the Prime Minister...".         and went on to say:

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"On a plain reading of Article 75(5) it is obvious that the Constitution-makers desired to p ermit a person who was not a member of either House of Parliament to be appointed a Minister  for a period of six consecutive months and if during the said period he was not elected to  either House of Parliament, he would cease to be a Minister...".

(Emphasis ours)

The Bench also repelled the argument that if a non-Member of the House is chosen as a Prime  Minister, it could be against national interest and      the country would be running a grea t risk.  It was observed: "...Therefore, even though a Prime Minister is not a member of either House of Parliament, o nce he is appointed he becomes answerable to the House and so also his Ministers and the pri nciple of collective responsibility governs the democratic process.  Even if a person is not  a member of the House, if he has the support and confidence of the House, he can be chosen  to head the Council of Ministers without violating the norms of democracy and the requiremen t of being accountable to the House would ensure the smooth functioning of the democratic pr ocess.  We,  therefore,  find   it difficult to subscribe to the petitioner’s contention tha t if a person who is not a member of the House is chosen as Prime Minister, national interes t would be jeopardised or that we would be running a great risk.  The English convention tha t the Prime Minister should be a Member of either House, preferably House of Commons, is not  our constitutional scheme since our Constitution clearly permits a non-member to be appoint ed a Chief Minister or a Prime Minister for a short duration of six months...".

Thus, we find that this Court, including its Constitution Bench, has  consistently taken the  view on an interpretation of Article 163, Article 164(1) and Article 164(4) that a person w ho is not a member of the Legislature, may be appointed a Minister for a short period,  but  if during the period of six consecutive months he is not elected to the Legislature, he woul d cease to be a Minister at the expiry of that period. The absence of the expression "from amongst members of the legislature" in Article 164 (1) i s indicative of the position that whereas under that provision a non-legislator can be appoi nted as a Chief Minister or a Minister but that appointment would be governed by Article 164 (4), which places a restriction on such a non-member to continue as a Minister or the Chief  Minister, as the case may be, unless he can get himself elected to the Legislature within th e period of six consecutive months, from the date of his appointment.  Article 164(4) is, th erefore,  not a source of power or an enabling provision for appointment of a non-legislator   as a Minister even for a short duration. It is actually in the nature of a disqualificatio n or restriction for a non-member, who has been appointed as a Chief Minister or a Minister,  as the case may be, to continue in office without getting himself elected within a period o f six consecutive months. It is not the case of the appellant that respondent No.2 Shri Tej Prakash Singh suffered fro m any constitutional or statutory disqualification to contest an election on the date of his  first appointment as a Minister or even on the date of his re-appointment as a Minister.  T he challenge is confined to the issue of re-appointment of the respondent, without getting e lected within six consecutive months of his first appointment.  In this view of the matter,  we have declined an invitation of learned counsel for the appellant to express our opinion o n the question whether a non-legislator can be appointed as a Minster, if on the date of suc h appointment, he suffers from a constitutional or statutory disqualification to contest the  election within the next six consecutive months.  We are not expressing our opinion on the  issue, as it is not directly involved in the present case and the settled practice of this C ourt is not to express opinion on issues which do not essentially arise in a case under cons ideration.

The issue before us, however, is somewhat different. The issue is : can a non-member, who fa ils to get elected during the period of six consecutive months, after he is appointed as a M inister or while a Minister has ceased to be a legislator, be reappointed as a Minister, wit hout being elected to the Legislature after the expiry of the period of six consecutive mont hs ?  This issue was not considered in either of the four cases referred to above - there is  no other decided case dealing with the issue brought to our notice either.      With a view  to consider the issue, it would, therefore, be useful to consider the constitutional scheme  governing a democratic parliamentary form of Government and interpret Article 164 (1) and 1 64(4) in that light.

Parliamentary democracy generally envisages (i) representation of the people, (ii) responsib le government and (iii) accountability of the Council of Ministers to the Legislature. The e

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ssence of this is to draw a direct line of authority from the people through the Legislature  to the Executive.      The character and content of parliamentary democracy in the ultimate  analysis depends upon the quality of persons who man the Legislature as representative of t he people.  It is said that  "elections are the barometer of democracy and the contestants t he lifeline of the parliamentary system and its set-up".         India has to a large measure adopted Westminster form of Government.  This position  was recognised in Shamsher Singh & Anr. vs. State of Punjab, [1975] 1 S.C.R. 814, when Justi ce Krishna Iyer observed: "Not the Potomac, but the Thames fertilizes the flow of the Yamuna, if we may adopt a riveri ne imagery.      In this thesis, we are fortified by the precedent of this Court, strengthen ed by Constituent Assembly proceedings and reinforced by the actual working of the organs in volved for about a ’silver jubilee span of time’."

       In the Westminster system, it is an established convention that Parliament maintains  its position as controller of the executive.  By a well settled convention, it is the perso n who can rely on support of a majority in the House of Commons, who forms a government and   is appointed as the Prime Minister. Generally speaking he and his Ministers must invariably  all be Members of Parliament (House of Lords or House of Commons) and they are answerable t o it for their actions and policies.  Appointment of a non-member as a Minister is a rare ex ception and if it happens it is for a short duration.  Either the individual concerned gets  elected or is conferred life peerage.

       In Halsbury’s Laws of England (Fourth Edition)  Volume 8 Para 819) dealing with Brit ish conventions it is observed: "819.   The paramount convention is that the Sovereign must act on the advice tendered to he r by her ministers, in particular the Prime Minister.  She must appoint as Prime Minister th at member of the House of Commons who can acquire the confidence of the House, and must appo int such persons to be  members  of      the  ministry and Cabinet as he recommends. ... ...  .... .... .... ... .... ... ...

       Since the Sovereign must always act upon ministerial advice, ministers are always po litically responsible to the House of Commons for their acts, even if done in her name.  The ir responsibility is both personal and collective. ... .... .... ....          ....        .....        .....        ......        .... ....          ....        .....        .....        ......        .... .....         ....       .....          .....        ......        .... In para 1006 of Volume 34 of Halsbury’s Laws of England (Fourth Edition) it is recorded :

"1006. Effect of the presence of ministers in Parliament. In addition to the methods of parl iamentary control, the practice and procedure of both Houses ensures that the action of the  executive is always open to the criticism of Parliament. Ministers of the Crown cannot indef initely remain in office without being members of either the House of Lords or the House of  Commons.  In either House it is permissible for members to address questions to ministers wi th regard to the administration of their departments, and in both Houses motions may be made  reflecting on the conduct of a particular minister or of the government as a whole."

       Sir Ivor Jennings in his treatise on Cabinet Government, (Third edition page 60), wh ile dealing with the convention relating to formation of Government in England, after a Prim e Minister has been appointed says:  "It is well-settled convention that these minister should be either peers or members of the  House of Commons.      There have been occasional exceptions.  Mr. Gladstone once held offi ce out of Parliament for nine months.  The Scottish law officers sometimes, as in 1923 and 1 924, are not in Parliament.  General Smuts was minister without portfolio and a member of th e War Cabinet from 1916 until 1918.      Mr. Ramsay MacDonald and Mr. Malcolm MacDonald were  members of the Cabinet though not in Parliament from the general election of November 1935  until early in 1936."

       According to Wade and Bradley, "Constitutional and Administrative Law", page 268:         "It is the convention that ministerial officer-holders should be members of one or o ther House of Parliament.  Such membership is essential to the maintenance of ministerial re sponsibility............When a Prime Minister appoints to ministerial office someone who is  not already in Parliament, a life peerage is usually conferred on him.

       Canada  as well as Australia also follow parliamentary system of government of Westm

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inister  style. In  his treatise on the Constitutional Law of Canada ,   (4th Edition), Peter W. Hogg, Profe ssor of Law, Osgoode Hall Law School, York University (page 243), discusses the characterist ics of a responsible Government in a parliamentary system and the appointment of the Prime M inister and other Ministers of his cabinet. He says: "The narrative must start with an exercise by the Governor General of one of his exceptional  reserve powers or personal prerogatives.  In the formation of a government it is the Govern or General’s duty to select the Prime Minister.  He must select a person who can form a gove rnment which will enjoy the confidence of the House of Commons.  For reasons which will be e xplained later, the Governor General rarely has any real choice as to whom to appoint: he mu st appoint the parliamentary leader of the political party which has a majority of seats in  the House of Commons.  But it is still accurate to describe the Governor General’s discretio n as his own, because unlike nearly all of his other decisions it is not made upon ministeri al advice.

When the Prime Minister has been appointed, he selects the other ministers, and advises the  Governor General to appoint them.  With respect to these appointments, the Governor General  reverts to his normal non-discretionary role and is obliged by convention to make the appoin tments advised by the Prime Minister.  If the Prime Minister later wishes to make changes in  the ministry, as by moving a minister from one portfolio to another, or by appointing a new  minister, or by removing a minister, then the Governor General will take whatever action is  advised by the Prime Minister, including if necessary the dismissal of a minister who has r efused his Prime Minister’s request to resign.

It is basic to the system of responsible government that the Prime Minister and all the othe r ministers be members of parliament.  Occasionally a person who is not a member of parliame nt is appointed as a minister, but then he must quickly be elected to Parliament.  If he fai ls to win election, then he must resign (or be dismissed) from the ministry.  The usual prac tice when a non-member of parliament is appointed to the ministry is that a member of the Pr ime Minister’s political party will be induced to resign from a ’safe seat’ in Parliament, w hich will precipitate a by-election in which the minister will be the candidate from the Pri me Minister’s party."                                                         ( Emphasis ours).         Clause 51 of the Australian Constitution provides "a responsible Minister of the Cro wn shall not hold office for a longer period than three months unless he is or becomes a mem bers of the Council or the Assembly".  Dealing with  conventions being followed in Australia , Mr. Peter Hanks, in his commentary "Australian Constitutional Law"; (Second Edition) says  : "In every State we can confidently predict that ministers will be appointed from amongst the  current members of parliament.  Indeed the South Australian and Victorian legislation provi de that ministers must be (or become within three months) members of one of the houses of pa rliament."

       The following observations of the High Court of Australia in State of New South Wale s vs. Commonwealth of Australia and another, 108 A.L.R. 577, are also educative  : "The Constitution none the less brought into existence a system of representative government  in which those who exercise legislative and executive power are directly chosen by the peop le.  ...The very concept of representative government and representative democracy signifies  government by the people through their representatives.  Translated into constitutional ter ms, it denotes that the sovereign power which resides in the people is exercised on their be half by their representatives.  The point is that the representatives who are members of Par liament and Ministers of State are not only chosen by the people but exercise their legislat ive and executive powers as representatives of the people.      And in the exercise of those  powers the representatives of necessity are accountable to the people for what they do and  have a responsibility to take account of the views of the people on whose behalf they act."

       Thus, we find from the positions prevailing in England, Australia and Canada that es sentials of a system of representative government, like the one we have in our country, are  that invariably all Ministers are chosen out of the members of the Legislature and only in r are - cases, a non-member is appointed as a Minister, who must get himself returned to the l egislature by direct or indirect election within a short period. He cannot be permitted to c ontinue in office indefinitely unless he gets elected in the meanwhile.  The scheme of Artic le 164 of the Constitution is no different, except that the period of grace during which the

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non-member may get elected has been fixed as "six consecutive months",  from the date of hi s appointment. (In Canada he must get elected quickly and in Australia within three months).   The framers of the Constitution did not visualise that a non-legislator can be repeatedly  appointed as a Minister for a turn of six months each time,  without getting elected because  such a course strikes at the very root of parliamentary democracy.      According to learne d counsel for the respondent, there is no bar to this course being adopted on the ’plain lan guage of the Article’, which does not ’expressly’ prohibit re-appointment of the minister, w ithout being elected, even repeatedly, during the term of the same Legislative Assembly.  We  cannot persuade ourselves to agree. Constitutional provisions are required to be understood and  interpreted with an object orie nted approach.    A Constitution must not be construed in a      narrow and pedantic sense.   The words used may be general in terms but, their full import and true meaning, has to be a ppreciated considering the true context in which the same are used and the purpose which the y seek to achieve.      Debates in the Constituent Assembly referred to in an earlier part o f this judgment clearly indicates that non-member’s inclusion in the cabinet was considered  to be  a ’privilege’ that extends only for six months’, during which period the member must  get elected otherwise he would cease to be a Minister.  It is a settled position that debate s in the Constituent Assembly may be relied upon as an aid to interpret a constitutional pro vision because  it is the function of the Court to find out the intention of the framers of  the Constitution.  We must remember that a Constitution is not just a document in solemn for m, but a living framework for the Government of the people exhibiting a sufficient degree of  cohesion and its successful working  depends upon the democratic spirit underlying it being  respected in letter and in spirit.       The debates clearly indicate the ’privilege’ to ex tend "only" for six months.

       The very concept of responsible Government and representative democracy signifies Go vernment by the People.  In constitutional terms, it denotes that the sovereign power which  resides in the people is exercised on their behalf by their chosen representatives and for e xercise of those powers, the representatives are necessarily accountable to the people for w hat they do.  The Members of the Legislature, thus, must owe their power directly or indirec tly to the people.      The Members of the State Assemblies like Lok Sabha trace their power  directly as elected by the people while the Members of the Council of State like Rajya Sabh a owe it to the people indirectly since they are chosen by the representative of the people.   The Council of Minister of which a Chief Minister is head in the State and on whose aid an d advice the Governor has to act, must, therefore, owe their power to the people directly or  indirectly. The sequence and scheme  of Article 164, which we have referred to in an earlier part of our  order, clearly suggests that ideally, every minister must be a member of the legislature at  the time of his appointment, though in exceptional cases, a non-member may be given a minis terial berth or permitted to continue as a Minister, on ceasing to be a member,  for a short  period of six consecutive months only to enable him to get elected to the Legislature in th e meanwhile.  As a Member of the Council of Ministers, every Minister is collectively respon sible to the Legislative Assembly.  A Council of Ministers appointed during the term of a le gislative assembly would continue in office so long as they continue to enjoy the confidence  of the legislative assembly.  A person appointed as a Minister, on the advice of the Chief  Minister,  who is not a member of the legislature, with a view to continue as a Minister mus t, therefore,  get elected during a short period of six consecutive months after his appoint ment, during the term of that legislative assembly and if he fails to do so,   he must cease  to be a Minister.  Reappointment of such a person, who fails to get elected as a member wit hin the period of grace of six consecutive months, would not only disrupt the sequence and s cheme of Article 164 but would also defeat and subvert the basic principle of representative  and responsible Government. Framers of the Constitution  by prescribing the time limit of " six consecutive months" during which  a non-legislator Minister must get elected to the legi slature  clearly intended that a non-legislator can not be permitted to remain a minister fo r any period beyond six consecutive months, without getting elected in the meanwhile.  Resig nation by the individual concerned before the expiry of the period of six consecutive months , not followed by his election to the legislature, would not permit him to be appointed a Mi nister once again without getting elected to the legislature during the term of the legislat ive assembly.  The "privilege" of continuing as a Minister for "six months" without being an  elected member is only a one time slot for the individual concerned during the term of the  concerned legislative assembly. It exhausts itself if the individual is unable to get himsel f elected within the period of grace of "six consecutive months".  The privilege is personal  for the concerned individual.  It is, he who must cease to be a Minister, if he does not ge t elected during the period of six months.      The ’privilege’ is not of the Chief Minister  on whose advice the individual is appointed.  Therefore, it is not permissible for differen

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t Chief Ministers, to appoint the same individual as a Minister, without him getting elected , during the term of the same assembly.  The individual must cease to be a Minister, if duri ng a period of six consecutive months, starting with his initial appointment, he is not elec ted to the assembly.  The change of a Chief Minister, during the term of the same assembly w ould, therefore, be of no consequence so far as the individual is concerned.  To permit the  individual      to be reappointed during the term of the same legislative assembly, without  getting elected during the period of six consecutive months, would      be subversion of par liamentary democracy.   Since Article 164(4) provides a  restriction for a non-legislator Mi nister to continue in office, beyond a period of six consecutive months, without being elect ed, it clearly demonstrates that the concerned individual appointed as a Minister under Arti cle 164(1) without being a member of the Legislature must cease to be a Minister unless elec ted within six consecutive months.      Re-appointing that individual without his getting el ected, would, therefore, be      an  abuse of  Constitutional  provisions and subversive of  constitutional guarantees.      Every Minister must draw his authority, directly or indirect ly, from the political sovereign - the Electorate.       Even a  most liberal interpretation  of Article 164(4) would show that when a person is appointed as a Minister, who at that tim e is not a member of the legislature, he becomes a Minister on clear constitutional terms th at he shall continue as a Minister      for not more than six consecutive months, unless he  is able to get elected in the meanwhile.  To construe this provision as permitting repeated  appointments of that individual as a Minister, without getting elected in the meanwhile,  wo uld not only make Article 164(4) nugatory but would also be inconsistent with the basic prem ise underlying Article 164.  It was not the intention of the Founding Fathers that a person  could continue to be a Minister without being duly elected,      by repeated appointments, e ach time for a period of six consecutive months.  If this were permitted, a non-legislator c ould by repeated appointments remain a Minister even for the entire term of the Assembly - a  position wholly unacceptable in any parliamentary system of government.  Such a course woul d be contrary to the basic principles of democracy, an essential feature of our constitution .  The intention of the framers of the constitution to restrict such appointment for a short  period of six consecutive months, cannot be permitted to be frustrated through manipulation  of "reappointment". Framers of the Constitution have used the expression "six consecutive months", which implies  that the period of six months must run continuously and not even intermittently.  It would  commence from the  time a non-legislator is either appointed as a Minister or a Minister who  becomes a non-legislator, is allowed to continue as such, and comes to an end at the expiry  of that period. The use of the expression "consecutive" is significant.  It cannot be defea ted by interpreting Article 164(4)      as permitting appointment even for a total period of  six months, during the term of a legislative assembly,  let alone, that the appointment of  such a non-legislator as a minister can be for six months "at a time", without his getting m andate from the electorate in the meanwhile.   As already noticed Article 164(4) in terms  provides only a disqualification or a restrict ion for a Minister, who for any period of six consecutive months, is not a Member of the Leg islature of the State to continue as such.  It expressly provides that he shall on the expir ation of that period cease to be a Minister unless he gets elected during that period by dir ect or indirect election.  We must also bear in mind that no right is conferred on the conce rned non-member Minister even during the period of ’six months’ , when he is permitted to co ntinue in office, to vote in the House.  The privilege to vote in the House is conferred onl y on Members of the House of the Legislature of a State (Article 189).  It does not extend t o non-elected ministers  He may address the House but he cannot  vote as an MLA.  None of th e powers or privileges of an MLA extend to that individual.      Though under Article 177, t he individual shall have a right to speak and to otherwise      take part in the proceedings  of the Legislative Assembly, he does not carry with him the usual "free speech" legislative  immunity as provided by Article 194(2).  The individual cannot draw any of the benefits of  an MLA without getting elected.  All these disabilities also clearly go to suggest that ’six  months clause’ in Article 164(4) cannot be permitted to be repeatedly used for the same ind ividual without his getting elected in the meanwhile.  It would be too superficial to say th at even though the individual Minister is a person who cannot even win an election by direct  or indirect means,       he should be permitted to continue as a Minister for a period beyo nd six months, without being elected at all and represent the electorate which has not even  returned him!!   It would be subversive of the principle of representative government and un democratic.      It would be perversion of the Constitution and even a fraud on it. Obligation    of   the   judiciary is   to   administer   justice   according   to   law   b ut       the   law   must   be one   that   commands     legitimacy    with     the    peopl e       and   legitimacy   of   the   law itself  would  depend upon whether it accords with  justice.  Articles 164(1) and 164(4) have therefore, to be so construed that they further t he principles of a representative and responsible government.  The legitimacy of the law wou

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ld be to ensure that the role of the political sovereign - the people - is not undermined.   All Ministers must always owe their power, directly or indirectly, to them, except for the s hort duration as envisaged by Article 164(4).  The interpretation, therefore, must be such t hat expectation of the Founding Fathers and constitutionalists are fulfilled rather then fru strated.  The former Chief Justice of India, Shri M.N. Venkatachaliah in his  Foreword to th e "Constitution of Jammu & Kashmir - Its Development and Comments"  (Third Edition - 1998) s aid: "The mere existence of a Constitution, by itself, does not ensure constitutionalism.  What a re important are the political traditions of the people and its spirit and determination to  workout its constitutional salvation through the chosen system of its political organisation ."

       India is a Democratic Republic.  Its chosen system of political organisation is refl ected in The Preamble to the Constitution, which indicates the source from which the Constit ution comes, viz., "WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA".  By permitting a non-legislator Minister to be  reappointed, without getting elected within the period prescribed by Article 164(4), would  amount to ignoring the electorate in having its say as to who should represent it - a positi on which is wholly unacceptable.  The seductive temptations to cling to office regardless of  constitutional restraint must be totally eschewed.  Will of the people cannot be permitted  to be subordinated to political expediency of the Prime Minister or the Chief Minister as th e case may be, to have in his cabinet a non-legislator as a Minister for an indefinite perio d by repeated reappointments without the individual seeking popular mandate of the electorat e.

       Chief Ministers or the Governors, as the case may be, must for ever remain conscious  of their constitutional obligations and not sacrifice either political responsibility or pa rliamentary conventions at the alter of "political expediency".  Prof.. B.O. Nwabueze in his  book "Constitutionalism in the Emergent States" (1973 Edition - page 139), almost thirty ye ars ago  warned : "Experience has amply demonstrated that the greatest danger to constitutional government in  emergent states arises from the human factor in politics, from the capacity of politicians   to distort and vitiate whatever governmental forms may be devised.  Institutional forms are  of course important, since they can guide for better or for worse the behaviour of the indiv iduals who operate them.  Yet, however carefully the institutional forms may have been const ructed, in the final analysis, much more will turn upon the actual behaviour of these indivi duals - upon  their willingness to observe the rules, upon a statesmanlike acceptance that t he integrity of the whole governmental framework and the regularity of its procedures should  transcend any personal aggrandizement.     The successful working of any constitution  depe nds upon what has aptly been called      the ’democratic spirit’, that is, a spirit of fair  play, of self-restraint and of mutual accommodation of differing interests and opinions.  Th ere can be no constitutional government unless the wielders of power are prepared to observe  the limits upon governmental powers."

(Emphasis ours)

Prof. Nwabueze’s warning has great relevance today in the context under our consideration. F or parliamentary democracy      to evolve and grow certain principles and policies of public  ethics must form  its functioning base. Actions such as in the present case, pose grave dan ger to foundations and principles of constitutionalism and the same must be warded off by de veloping right attitude towards  constitutional provisions.      Constitutional restraints m ust not be ignored or bypassed if found inconvenient or bent to suit "political expediency".   We should not allow erosion of principles of constitutionalism.

 We are, therefore, of the considered opinion that it would be subverting the Constitution  to permit an individual, who is not a member of the Legislature, to be appointed a Minister  repeatedly for a term of "six consecutive months", without him getting himself elected in th e meanwhile.  The practice would be clearly derogatory to the constitutional scheme, imprope r, undemocratic and invalid.  Article 164(4) is at best only in the nature of an exception t o the normal rule of only members of the Legislature being Ministers, restricted to a short  period of six consecutive months.  This exception is essentially required to be used to meet  very extraordinary situation and must be strictly construed and sparingly used.  The clear  mandate of Article 164(4) that if an individual concerned is not able to get elected to the  legislature within the grace period of six consecutive months, he shall cease to be a Minist er, cannot be allowed to be frustrated by giving a gap of few days and reappointing the indi

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vidual as a Minister, without his securing confidence of the electorate in the meanwhile.  D emocratic process which lies at the core of our Constitution schemes cannot be permitted to  be flouted      in this manner.  It may be of some interest to notice certain provisions of the Constitution of Jammu & Kash mir, 1957.      Section 36 of the J & K Constitution corresponds to Article 164(1) of the Co nstitution of India, with the difference that the expression "the Minister shall hold office  during the pleasure of the Governor" is missing from Section 36. This expression has, howev er, been separately incorporated in Section 39, which provides that all Ministers and Deputy  Ministers shall hold office during the pleasure of the Governor.   Section 37(2) correspond s to Article 164(4) of the Constitution.  Section 38 of the J & K Constitution is, however,  a provision which has no corresponding  provision in the Constitution of India.  This sectio n reads thus:

"38- Deputy Ministers. - The Governor may on the advice of the Chief Minister appoint from a mongst the members of either House of Legislature such number of Deputy Ministers as may be  necessary."

If constitutional provisions of Article 164(1) and 164(4) are permitted to be perverted or d istorted in the manner as was done in the present case, Section 38 of the Constitution of Ja mmu & Kashmir may require some serious consideration by the Parliament, for adoption, notwit hstanding the statement of Dr. Ambedkar (supra) against incorporation of such a restriction  either in Article 164(1) or in Article 75(1)         From the above discussion, it follows that reappointment of Shri Tej Parkash Singh,  respondent, as a Minister with effect from 23.11.1996, after his resignation from the Counci l of Ministers on 8.3.1996, during the term of the same Legislative Assembly, without gettin g elected in the meanwhile was improper, undemocratic, invalid and unconstitutional. His rea ppointment is accordingly set aside though at this point of time, it is of no consequence.   We have dealt with the issue because of its importance.  The Division Bench of the High Cour t fell in error in dismissing the Writ Petition filed by the appellant in limine.         Since we have held that reappointment of Shri Tej Parkash Singh  as  a Minister in t he State of Punjab with effect from 23.11.1996 was invalid and unconstitutional, we consider  it appropriate to observe, with a view to avoid reopening of settled matters, that this jud gment shall not render any order made or action taken by Shri Tej Parkash Singh, as a Minist er, after his reappointment to the Council of Ministers, as bad or invalid only on account o f his reappointment as a Minister having been found to be invalid.      This appeal, therefo re, succeeds and is allowed in the terms indicated above with cost.

                                           ...................CJI

                                           ......................J                                                 ( R.C. LAHOTI )                                             ......................J                                               ( K.G. BALAKRISHNAN ) August 17, 2001.