REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CIVIL APPEAL NO(s).1836 OF 2020 (arising out of SLP (C) No(s).33445 of 2014)

POONAM DEVI AND OTHERS            ...APPELLANT(S)

VERSUS

ORIENTAL INSURANCE CO. LTD. ...RESPONDENT(S)

JUDGMENT

NAVIN SINHA, J.

The appellants are the legal heirs of the deceased. They were

granted compensation of Rs.4,45,420/­ with interest at the rate of

12 per  cent  by the  Commissioner,  Workmen’s  Compensation Act

from the date of accident up to the date of deposit in addition to a

penalty imposed on the employer under Section 4A(3)(b) of the

Workmen’s Compensation Act, 1923 (hereinafter called “the Act”).

The High Court on 09.05.2014 has allowed the appeal of the

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respondent holding that the death occurred during the course of

employment but did not arise out of the employment.  

2.  The deceased was aged 21 years, in the employment of

respondent no.2 (since deleted), and was driving her TATA 407

vehicle  bearing registration No.UP 15P 1689 on 11.06.2003  from

Ambala to Meerut, a distance of approximately 200 Kms.  At about

12.30 PM, when he approached the bridge near village Fatehpur,

the deceased went to the Yamuna canal to fetch water and also to

have a bath.  Unfortunately, he slipped into the canal and died. The

vehicle was insured with the respondent Insurance Company.

P.W.2, who was standing near the bridge, deposed that the deceased

had gone to fetch water in a can along with the cleaner who tried to

save him, but both slipped into the canal.   The Workmen’s

Compensation Commissioner by order dated 12.12.2005 allowed the

claim as aforesaid.

3. The High Court in appeal by the Insurance Company held that

the deceased may have died during the course of the employment

but death did not arise out of the employment, as bathing in the

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canal was not incidental to the employment but was at the peril of

the workman.  There was no casual connection between the death of

the workman and his employment. He had gone to fetch water for

personal consumption and it was not his case that the truck was

over heated.

4. Mr. Vikas Bhadana, learned counsel for the appellants,

submitted that there was a causal connection of the death with the

employment.  In the extreme heat of the month of June at noon, a

presumption would arise that the deceased  had gone to the canal to

fetch water not only to cool the truck but also himself to ensure a

proper and safe journey of the vehicle belonging to the employer and

his own safety.   Reliance was placed on  Leela Bai and anr. vs.

Seema Chouhan and anr., (2019) 4 SCC 325.

5.  Mr. Ajay Singh, learned counsel for the respondent opposing

the  appeal, submitted  that the  High Court  has rightly  held that

there was no casual connection between the death of the deceased

with the employment.  Merely because death may have occurred in

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the course of the employment will not suffice unless it is established

that it was incidental and arose out of the employment.   Reliance

was placed on  Malikarjuna G. Hiremath vs. Branch Manager,

Oriental Insurance Company Limited and another, (2009)  13

SCC 405.

6. We have considered the submission on behalf of  the parties

and have also perused the impugned orders as also the case law

cited before us.

7. The Workmen’s Compensation Act,  1923  (now christened as

“Employee’s Compensation Act, 1923”) is a piece of socially

beneficial legislation.   The provisions will therefore have to be

interpreted in a manner to advance the purpose of the legislation,

rather than to stultify it.   In  case  of a  direct conflict,  when no

reconciliation  is  possible, the statutory provision will  prevail  only

then.

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8. Relevant to the discussion is Section 3 of the Act. The relevant

extract reads as follows:

“3. Employer' s liability for compensation.­ (1) If  personal  injury  is  caused to a workman by accident  arising  out  of  and  in  the  course  of  his employment,  his employer  shall  be liable to  pay compensation in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter:  

                               XXXX”

9. In Manju Sarkar & Ors. vs. Mabish Miah & Ors., (2014) 14

SCC 21, the deceased was driving the employer’s truck from

Agartala to Churaibari FCI godown.  When he reached near Dharam

Nagar, he got down to make arrangements for repairing some

mechanical problems in the truck when he was hit on the road by

another vehicle and died in the hospital.   Applying the principle of

notional extension, it was held that death occurred in the course of

employment relying  upon  B.E.S.T.  Undertaking  vs.  Agnes,  AIR

1964 SC 193, at paragraph 12

“Under Section 3(1) of the Act the injury must be caused to the workman by an accident arising out of and in the course of his employment. The question, when does an employment begin and when does  it  cease,  depends upon the  facts of each case. But the Courts have agreed that the

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employment does not necessarily end when the “down tool” signal is given or when the workman leaves the actual workshop where he is working. There is a notional extension at both the entry and exit by time and space. The scope of such extension must necessarily depend on the circumstances  of  a  given case.  As  employment may end or may begin not only when the employee begins to work or leaves his tools but also  when  he  used the  means of access and, egress to and from the place of employment.”

10. More recently in Daya Kishan Joshi & Anr. vs. Dynemech

Systems Pvt. Ltd., (2018) 11 SCC 642, the deceased was employed

as an engineer for promoting sales and installation of products

which required him to move around in the field.   While returning

from field work, he met with an accident resulting in death.  Holding

that his being on the road related to the nature of his duties, not

only the injury was caused during the currency of the employment

but also arose out of the employment.

11. Coming to the facts of the present case, the deceased was

driving the truck of respondent no.2 from Ambala to Meerut.

Indisputably he was in the course of his employment.  We can take

judicial notice of the fact that considering the manufacturer’s

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specification, the cabin of the truck was not  air  conditioned and

would have been a baking oven in the middle of the afternoon in the

sultry monsoon heat of June 2003, when the temperature was

touching 42.60C in Yamunagar (Haryana) (source: weatheronline.in).

It was a compulsion for the deceased to stay fresh and alert not only

to protect the truck of respondent no.2 from damage but also to

ensure a smooth journey and protect his own life by safe driving.

We can also take judicial notice of the fact that the possibility of the

truck also requiring water to prevent overheating cannot be

completely ruled out.   In these circumstances, can it be said that

the act of the deceased in going to the canal to fetch water in a can

for the truck and to refresh himself by a bath before continuing the

journey was not incidental to the employment?  Every action of the

driver of a truck to ensure the safety of the truck belonging to the

employer and to ensure his own safety by a safe journey for himself

has to be considered as incidental to the employment by extension

of the notional employment theory.   A truck driver who would not

keep himself fresh to drive in such heat would be a potential danger

to others on the road by reason of any bonafide errors of judgement

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by reason of the heat. The theory of notional extension noticed in

the  Agnes  (supra) and followed in  Leela Bai  (supra) is extracted

hereunder:

“9. In the facts of the present case and the nature of evidence, there was a clear nexus between the accident and the employment to apply the doctrine of “notional extension” of the employment considered in Agnes (supra) as follows:  

“…It is now  well­settled, however, that this is subject to the theory of notional extension of the employer’s premises so as to include an area which the workman passes and repasses in going to and in leaving the actual place of work. There may be some reasonable extension in both time and place and a workman may be regarded as in the course of his employment even though he  had not reached or  had  left  his  employer’s premises. The  facts and circumstances of  each case will  have to be examined very carefully in order to  determine  whether the  accident  arose out of and in the course of the employment of a workman, keeping in view at all time this theory of notional extension.”

12. In  Leela Bai  (supra), the deceased having completed his

journey as a driver stayed back on the roof of the bus to ensure

early  scheduled departure the  next  morning  by  not  going  home.

While he was coming down the roof of the bus he slipped and died.

It was held at paragraph 7 as follows:

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“7. In the facts of the case, and the evidence available, it is evident that the deceased was present at the bus terminal and remained with the bus even after arrival from Indore not by choice, but by compulsion and necessity, because of the  nature of  his  duties.  The route timings of the bus required the deceased to be readily available with the bus so that the passenger service being provided by Respondent 1 remained efficient and was not affected. If the deceased would have gone home every day after parking the bus and returned the next morning, the efficiency of the timing of the bus service facility to the travelling  public  would  definitely have been affected, dependent on the arrival of the deceased at  the bus­stand from his house. Naturally that would bring an element of uncertainty in the departure schedule of the bus and efficiency of the service to the travelling public could be compromised. Adherence to schedule by the deceased would naturally enure to the benefit of Respondent 1 by enhancement of income because of timely service. It is not without reason that the deceased would not go home for weeks as deposed by the appellant. Merely because the deceased was coming down the roof of the bus after having his meal, cannot be considered in isolation and interpreted so myopically to hold that he was off duty and therefore would not be entitled to compensation.”

13. We see no reason why the application of the theory of notional

extension will therefore not apply in the facts of the present case

also.

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14. Malikarjuna (supra) is distinguishable on its own facts as the

deceased had completed his journey from Siraguppa to the

Gurugunta Angreshwar temple, after which he went to the pond and

while taking a bath slipped and drowned. The case is completely

distinguishable on its own facts.

15. We, therefore, find the order of the High Court to be

unsustainable.   It is set aside.   The order of the Workmen’s

Compensation  Commissioner  dated  12.12.2005 is restored.   The

payments  in  terms of the  order  of the  Workmen’s  Compensation

Commissioner  be  made to the  appellants  within  a  period of six

weeks from today.   Since respondent no.2 stands deleted, the

question of payment of penalty by her does not arise.

16.   The appeal is allowed.

.……………………….J.   (Ashok Bhushan)   

………………………..J.    (Navin Sinha)   

New Delhi, March 06, 2020.

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