REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION

CIVIL APPEAL NO.  2586-2587   OF 2009              (Arising out of S.L.P. (C) Nos. 25544-25545 of 2008)

Parkash Singh Teji            .... Appellant(s)

Versus

Northern India Goods Transport Co. Pvt. Ltd. and Anr.             .... Respondent(s)

J U D G M E N T  

P. Sathasivam, J.

1) Leave granted.

2) These appeals, by special leave, arise from the judgment and final orders of the

High Court of Delhi dated 06.07.2006 and 23.03.2007 in R.F.A. No.178 of 2006 and in

C.M. No. 13584 of 2006 in R.F.A. No. 178 of 2006 respectively whereby the High Court

declined to expunge the adverse remarks made against the appellant.  The appellant,

who is a Judicial Officer,  is now challenging the judgment dated 06.07.2006 of the

High Court to the limited extent whereby the Division Bench passed certain adverse

remarks against him.   

3) The case of the appellant is briefly stated hereunder:

(a) The appellant, who is a Member of the Delhi Higher Judicial Service, posted as

Addl.  District  and Sessions Judge,  Delhi,  was transferred  in the place of  Shri

Satnam Singh,  Addl.  District  and  Sessions  Judge  on  13.09.2005.   A  suit  for

recovery which was filed in the year 1984 in the Delhi High Court by the first

respondent against second respondent herein, subsequently on enhancement of

the pecuniary jurisdiction of the Delhi High Court, was transferred to the District

Court.   

(b) As  sufficient  opportunities  were  given  to  the  plaintiff  to  lead  evidence,  the

appellant,  on 19.12.2005,  dismissed the suit  of  the  plaintiff.   Thereafter,  an

appeal was filed by the plaintiff against the said judgment and the High Court, by

the impugned judgment dated 06.07.2006, allowed the appeal of the plaintiff

and remanded the case to the trial Court.  The High Court, while remanding the

case, made certain remarks and directions against the appellant.  When the file

of the aforesaid suit was put up before the appellant for retrial,  then only he

noticed the adverse remarks made against him by the High Court.  The appellant

immediately filed an application in the High Court for expunction of the aforesaid

remarks.   The  High  Court,  by  order  dated  23.03.2007,  disposed  of  the

application stating that the remarks are  only corrective  in nature and do not

suggest any lack of integrity on the part of the officer.  

(c) The Annual Confidential Report (in short “ACR”) of the appellant from the years

2000  to  2006  has  been  consistently  graded  as  B+ and  the  High  Court  has

promoted him to the Super-time Scale also.  The ACR for the year 2006 was

communicated to him on 21.08.2007.  On the basis of his service record w.e.f.

12.09.2007  he  had  assigned  much  more  responsible  and  onerous  task  of

presiding as a Designated Judge/Special Judge, NDPS, Patiala House Court, New

Delhi for conducting the trial of NDPS cases.  The High Court, vide letter dated

01.08.2008, has communicated to the appellant the ACR for the year 2007 which

has been downgraded from B+ to B.  Therefore, he submitted his representation

to the High Court for review of the said ACR.  He reliably came to know that the

said ACR has been downgraded on the basis of the remarks in the judgment

dated 06.07.2006 passed in R.F.A. No. 178 of 2006.  To the best knowledge of

the appellant,  there is  no report  or  complaint  about his  work or  conduct  by

anyone in the year 2007.  If the said remarks in the judgment dated 06.07.2006

are  not  expunged,  it  would  affect  his  future  prospects  and  if  the  same are

allowed  to  stay  and  the  ACR  is  not  re-casted,  the  appellant  would  suffer

substantial  loss  in  future  as  he  has  left  with  eight  years  of  service  for

superannuation and he is in the zone of consideration for elevation to the Bench

of the Delhi High Court.  

4) While granting permission to file special leave petition, this Court has impleaded

the High Court of Delhi as party respondent.  Pursuant to the issuance of notice to the

High Court of Delhi, a reply has been filed stating that as per the judgment of the High

Court  dated 06.07.2006,  a  copy  of  the  said  judgment  was  placed  in  the  personal

file/service record of the appellant as also before the then Hon’ble Inspecting Judge for

the year 2006.  The appellant was graded as B+ for the years 2000 to 2006 by the Full

Court of the Delhi High Court.  On the basis of his performance at the relevant time, he

was granted Super-time Scale  of  Delhi  Higher  Judicial  Service.   Thereafter,  he was

posted as Addl. Sessions Judge, NDPS at Patiala House Courts w.e.f. 12.09.2007.  On

consideration  of  overall  performance  of  the  appellant  during  the  year  2007,  the

Committee of Hon’ble Inspecting Judges in the meeting held on 15.07.2008, for the

year 2007 recorded his ACR as B.  The said remarks were communicated to him by

letter dated 01.08.2008.  On a complaint dated nil made by one Shri G.S. Gorkal, the

Committee of Hon’ble Inspecting Judges for the year 2008 ordered that the same may

be  considered  at  the  time  of  awarding  ACR  grading.   The  appellant  had  made

representation dated 19.08.2008 for review of Grade B for the year 2007.  The said

representation was duly considered and rejected by a decision dated 01.09.2008 of the

Full  Court  and  the  same  was  communicated  to  the  appellant  vide  letter  dated

22.09.2008.  

5) We heard  Mr.  P.S.  Patwalia,  learned  senior  counsel  for  the  appellant  and Mr.

Gaurav Sharma, learned counsel for the 3rd respondent, High Court of Delhi.

6) The questions which arise for consideration are:

(a) Whether in the facts and circumstances of the case, the High Court was

justified in making adverse remarks/observations and directions against

the appellant in its judgment dated 06.07.2006;

(b) Whether  its  further  direction  for  placing  the  said  judgment  in  the

personal/service  record  of  the  appellant  and  also  before  the  Hon’ble

Inspecting Judge for perusal is warranted?

7) Before considering the grievance of the appellant, it would be useful to refer the

remarks/directions of the High Court in the order dated 06.07.2006 which reads thus:

“Before parting, we wish to make it clear that the learned Judge who passed  the  impugned  judgment  and  decree  need  be  careful  in future,  rather  than  adopting  a  hasty,  slip  shod  and  perfunctory approach as is manifest from the judgment delivered by him in this case.  We further direct that a copy of this order shall be placed on the personal/service  record  of  the officer,  while  another  copy be placed before  the  Hon’ble  Inspecting  Judge of  the officer  for  His Lordship’s perusal.”

8) According to the appellant, by making such remarks behind his back, the High

Court failed to appreciate certain relevant facts.  It was pointed out that the suit which

was decided by the appellant on 19.12.2005 was filed in the year 1984 and the plaintiff

was given sufficient opportunities to lead evidence.  The evidence which the plaintiff

had already lead when the suit was pending in the Delhi High Court was in fact tagged

with the order sheet and the documents on which the plaintiff was relying were not

even exhibited.  According to the appellant, in view of this the mistake occurred was

neither  deliberate  nor  intentional.   It  was  also  highlighted  that  the  deposition  of

witnesses P.W. 1 to P.W. 3 was not arranged properly in the file and the same were not

traceable.  Insofar as evidence of P.W.3 is concerned, according to the appellant, no

order sheet reflects that the evidence was actually recorded on 15.04.1991.  It was

highlighted that the High Court failed to appreciate that the statement of P.Ws was

attached with the order sheet and it was not arranged or placed where it should have

been placed as per Rules 8 and 9 of the Delhi High Court (Original Side) Rules, 1967.  

9) Apart from the above explanation with reference to the alleged lapse as pointed

out by the Division Bench, the appellant has highlighted that his ACR from 2000 to

2006 has been consistently graded as B+ and he was also promoted by the High Court

to  the  Super-time  Scale  and  recently  assigned  with  much  more  responsibility  and

onerous task of presiding as a Designated Judge/Special Judge, NDPS, Patiala House,

New Delhi.  

10) In the light of the explanation, we also perused those relevant materials.  As

rightly highlighted and pointed out by Mr. P.S. Patwalia, learned senior counsel for the

appellant, in the facts and circumstances and the materials available, we are satisfied

that the remarks/observations and the directions made in para 10 of the order dated

06.07.2006 are not warranted.  Judicial restraint and discipline are as necessary to the

orderly administration of justice as they are to the effectives of the army.  As observed

in  A.M.  Mathur vs.  Pramod  Kumar  Gupta  and  Others,  (1990)  2 SCC 533,  the duty of  a

restraint, humility should be constant theme of our Judges.  This quality in decision

making  is  as  much  necessary  for  Judges  to  command  respect  as  to  protect  the

independence of the judiciary.   

11) We are not undermining the ultimate decision of the High Court in remitting the

matter to the trial Court for fresh disposal.  However, we are constrained to observe

that the higher Courts every day come across orders of the lower courts which are not

justified either in law or in fact and modify them or set them aside.  Our legal system

acknowledges the fallibility of the Judges, hence it provides for appeals and revisions.

A Judge tries to discharge his duties to the best of his capacity, however, sometimes is

likely to err.  It has to be noted that the lower judicial officers mostly work under a

charged atmosphere and are constantly under psychological pressure.  They do not

have the benefits which are available in the higher courts.   In those circumstances,

remarks/observations and strictures are to be avoided particularly if the officer has no

occasion to put forth his reasonings.

12) In the matter of: ‘K’ A Judicial Officer, (2001) 3 SCC 54, it was held that any passage

from an order or judgment may be expunged or directed to be expunged subject to

satisfying the following tests: (i) that the passage complained of is wholly irrelevant and

unjustifiable;  (ii)  that  its  retention  on  the  records  will  cause  serious  harm  to  the

persons to whom it refers; (iii) that its expunction will not affect the reasons for the

judgment or order.  In para 12, it was further held that though the power to make

remarks or observations is there but on being questioned, the exercise of power must

withstand judicial scrutiny on the touchstone of following tests: (a) whether the party

whose conduct is in question is before the court or has an opportunity of explaining or

defending himself;  (b)  whether there is evidence on record bearing on that conduct

justifying the remarks; and (c) whether it is necessary for the decision of the case, as an

integral  part  thereof,  to  animadvert  on  that  conduct.  The  overall  test  is  that  the

criticism or observation must be judicial in nature and should not formally depart from

sobriety, moderation and reserve.   

13) In the light of the above principles and in view of the explanation as stated by the

appellant  for  commenting  the  conduct  of  the  plaintiff,  we  are  satisfied  that  those

observations  and  directions  are  not  warranted.   It  is  settled  law  that  harsh  or

disparaging  remarks  are  not  to  be  made  against  persons  and  authorities  whose

conduct comes into consideration before Courts of law unless it is really necessary for

the decision of the case as an integral part thereof.  The direction of the High Court

placing  copy  of  their  order  on the  personal/service  record  of  the  appellant  and a

further direction for placing copy of the order before the Inspecting Judge of the officer

for perusal that too without giving him an opportunity would, undoubtedly, affect his

career.   Based  on  the  above  direction,  there  is  every  possibility  of  taking adverse

decision about the performance of the appellant.  We hold that the adverse remarks

made against the appellant was neither justified nor called for.

14) In the interest of justice and fairness, we expunge the offending remarks made

against the appellant in para 10 of the impugned order of the High Court of Delhi,

dated 06.07.2006.  Since these appeals are confined only to expunging of the adverse

remarks, the same are allowed.  No costs.   

.….…….……………………CJI.                                (K.G. BALAKRISHNAN)

...…………………………………J. (P. SATHASIVAM)                                  

NEW DELHI; APRIL 16, 2009.