http://JUDIS.NIC.IN SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Page 1 of 5  

CASE NO.: Appeal (crl.)  49 of 2003

PETITIONER: Parasa Raja Manikyala Rao and Anr.                       

RESPONDENT: State of A.P.                                                    

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 15/10/2003

BENCH: DORAISWAMY RAJU & ARIJIT PASAYAT.

JUDGMENT: J U D G M E N T

ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.

Three persons including present appellants, who were accused nos.  2 and 3 faced trial by learned Sessions Judge, Krishna Division at  Machilipatnam for allegedly having caused homicidal death of one  Parasachinna Ramababu (hereinafter referred to as ’the deceased’).  All  the accused persons and the deceased who were closely related were in  hostile terms on account of property dispute.  The prosecution claimed  that the appellants snuffed at deceased’s life.

Accusations while led to trial of the accused persons are as  follows:

There was enmity between the accused and the deceased.  Though  elder members of the community tried to settle the dispute there was no  permanent solution.  On 16.8.1997 accused Parasa Satyanarayana (A-1)  removed the stones at the boundary of the disputed land.  Parasa Mohan  Rao (PW-1) and his sons visited the place and chastised the accused and  their father for their undesirable behaviour.  This led to further  animosity. On 19.8.1997, the fateful day, three accused persons along  with their father came to the house of PW1 and picked up quarrel.  A-1  tried to hack PW1 with a knife. But he warded off the stroke with the  stick.  Parasa Ghaneswara Rao and Parasa Venkateswara Rao and O  Gitchaiah protested and questioned the accused persons about their  behaviour.  Accused persons left the place.  Subsequently, at about  10.45 a.m. deceased was returning to his house.  As he reached near a  shopping complex, all the accused persons in furtherance of their common  intention murdered the deceased. Parasa Raja Manikyala Rao-appellant  no.1 (A-2) caught his right hand and Parasa Raja Govind Rajuluâ\200\223appellant  no.2 (A-3) caught his left hand. The deceased was practically  immobilized.  Taking advantage of this,  Parasa Satyanarayana (A-1) gave  various blows on the neck, back and  the abdomen with the knife in a  gruesome manner and even separated his head from the body.  After doing  so, A-1 carried the severed head and threw it at some distance.  The  ghastly attack was witnessed by Parasa Mohana Rao (PW-1), Parasa  Veeramma (PW-2), Parasa Yesoda Rao (PW-3) and Parasa Ganeswara Rao (PW- 4). Information was lodged at the police station immediately.   Investigation was undertaken and subsequently accused persons were  arrested.  On completion of investigation, charge sheet was placed.  While A-1 was charged with commission of offence punishable under  Section 302 of the Indian Penal Code 1860 (for short ’the IPC’) other  accused persons were charged for commission of offence punishable under  Section 302 read with Section 34 IPC.  13 witnesses were examined to  further the prosecution version.  Accused persons pleaded innocence and

http://JUDIS.NIC.IN SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Page 2 of 5  

claimed trial.  On consideration of the evidence of the witnesses the  Trial Court found that A-1 was guilty of offence punishable under  Section 302 IPC, but found the present appellants to be not guilty by  giving  benefit of doubt.  Matter was carried by the State in appeal  before the High Court which by the impugned judgment found them guilty.   The High Court held that they were guilty of offence punishable under  Section 302 read with Section 34 IPC and each one was to undergo life  imprisonment.  The appeal filed by A-1 was dismissed.

It is submitted that A-1 has not preferred any appeal, but present  appellants have questioned the reversal of their acquittal to conviction  by the High Court.   

Learned senior counsel appearing for the appellants submitted that  there are many significant improvements made by PWs 1 and 2. Before the  police they did not say to be waiting outside their house, while in  court they said so.  It is highly improbable that four persons saw the  attack but did not even try to protect or save the deceased.  The High  Court has failed to notice that the witnesses were highly interested.   PWs 3 and 4 are not independent witnesses and PWs 1 to 2 were their  supporters in their public life activities.  It is improbable that  present PW1 would have alone gone to the police station, after having  seen his  son murdered. All this goes to show that because of the enmity  with the accused persons, they were falsely implicated so that none of  the male members could be available to run or take care of the family.  Even though A-1 has not questioned his conviction, the totality of  evidence shows that effort was made to frame all the male members of the  family.  In any event, Section 34 has no application because it has not  been established by evidence that there was any intention to commit  murder.   

In response, learned counsel for the respondent-State submitted  that right from the beginning when the first information report was  lodged, the definite roles played by present appellants was described,  the overt acts and the instigations as well as exhortations done by them  were clearly mentioned. The first information report was lodged  immediately and, therefore, case of any false implication after  deliberation as pleaded by the appellants does not arise.  The evidence  of eyewitnesses PWs 1 to 4 clearly established the accusations.   Evidence of PW1 shows that after the first blow, these accused continued  to restrain movement of the victim and that continued when blows were  inflicted on different parts of his body. Names of all accused persons  were also mentioned in the first information report.   

At the outset, we think it proper to take note of what weighed  with the Trial Court to direct acquittal of present appellants.  In para  39 of the judgment it was noted as follows:                                                 

"39. Though all the other evidence even as  against A-2 and A-3 was as nearly cogent as the one  against A-1, the improbability of their participation  became one of the two plausible views in the light of  the last mentioned four rulings of the Hon’ble  Supreme Court.  This gives rise to a doubt in so far  as A-2 and A-3 are concerned.  Naturally the benefit  of such a doubt must go to them." This is a strange way of dealing with the accusations and  consideration of the guilt or otherwise of the accused.  How a person  reacts in a given case may be the determinative factor so far as that  case is concerned. That cannot be applied as a rule of universal  application to all cases irrespective of the fact situation in that  particular case. There can be no empirical formula as to how one reacts  in a given situation and its effect and impact.  It would be almost like  trying to put a square peg on a round hole. To imprint fact situation of  one decided case upon another or observations made in the peculiar facts

http://JUDIS.NIC.IN SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Page 3 of 5  

of a given case to any or every other case notwithstanding dissimilarity  in effect and the distinctive features is legally impermissible.    

Coming to the question whether the evidence is reliable, the High  Court has analysed the evidence in great detail considering the fact  that PWs 1 and 2 were parents of the deceased and there was admitted  hostility between the accused and the deceased’s family. It has also  analysed the evidence of PWs 3 and 4 to conclude that the accusations  have been established.  The so-called omissions which have been tried to  be magnified by learned counsel for the appellant, do not amount to any  contradiction or any improvement and at any rate such variation as to  undermine the chore of the prosecution case or its basic and essential  aspects.  

Each case, more particularly a criminal case depends on its own  facts and a close similarity between one case and another is not enough  to warrant like treatment because a significant detail may alter the  entire aspect. In deciding such cases, one should avoid the temptation  to decide cases (as said by Cordozo) by matching the colour of one case  against the colour of another. To decide therefore on which side of the  line a case falls, the broad resemblance to another case is not at all  decisive. The vague and cryptic conclusion arrived at by the trial Court  to treat their case differently from the manner it dealt with that of A- 1, despite its very observation that the evidence was as cogent against  them too as it was against A-1 lack a judicious approach and  determination and therefore rightly interfered with by the High Court  after an objective appreciation of the evidence independently and in the  light of the relevant and guiding principles of law governing such  determination.               The other point which was emphasized relates to applicability of  Section 34 IPC.

       The Section really means that if two or more persons intentionally  do a common thing jointly, it is just the same as if each of them had  done it individually. It is a well recognized canon of criminal  jurisprudence that the Courts cannot distinguish between co- conspirators, nor can they inquire, even if it were possible as to the  part taken by each in the crime. Where parties go with a common purpose  to execute a common object each and every person becomes responsible for  the act of each and every other in execution and furtherance of their  common purpose; as the purpose is common, so must be the responsibility.  All are guilty of the principal offence, not of abetment only. In  combination of this kind a mortal stroke, though given by one of the  party, is deemed in the eye of law to have been given by every  individual present and abetting. But a party not cognizant of the  intention of his companion to commit murder is not liable, though he has  joined his companion to do an unlawful act. Leading feature of this  Section is the element of participation in action. The essence of  liability under this Section is the existence of a common intention  animating the offenders and the participation in a criminal act in  furtherance of the common intention. The essence is simultaneous  consensus of the minds of persons participating in the criminal action  to bring about a particular result (See Ramaswami Ayyanagar and Ors. v.  State of Tamil Nadu (AIR 1976 SC 2027). The participation need not in  all cases be by physical presence. In offences involving physical  violence, normally presence at the scene of offence may be necessary,  but such is not the case in respect of other offences when the offence  consists of diverse acts which may be done at different times and  places. The physical presence at the scene of offence of the offender  sought to be rendered liable under this Section is not one of the  conditions of its applicability in every case. Before a man can be held  liable for acts done by another, under the provisions of this Section,  it must be established that (i) there was common intention in the sense  of a pre-arranged plan between the two, and (ii) the person sought to be

http://JUDIS.NIC.IN SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Page 4 of 5  

so held liable had participated in some manner in the act constituting  the offence. Unless common intention and participation are both present,  this Section cannot apply.

       ’Common intention’ implies pre-arranged plan and acting in concert  pursuant to the pre-arranged plan. Under this Section a pre-concert in  the sense of a distinct previous plan is not necessary to be proved. The  common intention to bring about a particular result may well develop on  the spot as between a number of persons, with reference to the facts of  the case and circumstances of the situation. Though common intention may  develop on the spot, it must, howver, be anterior in point of time to  the commission of offence showing a pre-arranged plan and prior concert.  (See Krishna Govind Patil v. State of Maharashtra (AIR 1963 SC 1413). In  Amrit Singh and Ors. v. State of Punjab (1972 Crl.L.J. 465 (SC) it has  been held that common intention pre-supposes prior concert.  Care must  be taken not to confuse same or similar intention with common intention;  the partition which divides their bonds is often very thin, nevertheless  the distinction is real and substantial, and if overlooked will result  in miscarriage of justice.  To constitute common intention, it is  necessary that intention of each one of them be known to the rest of  them and shared by them. Undoubtedly, it is a difficult thing to prove  even the intention of an individual and, therefore, it is all the more  difficult to show the common intention of a group of persons. But  however difficult may be the task, the prosecution must lead evidence of  facts, circumstances and conduct of the accused from which their common  intention can be safely gathered. In Magsogdan and Ors. v. State of U.P.  (AIR 1988 SC 126) it was observed that prosecution must lead evidence  from which the common intention of the accused can be safely gathered.  In most cases it has to be inferred from the act, conduct or other  relevant circumstances of the case in hand. The totality of the  circumstances must be taken into consideration in arriving at a  conclusion whether the accused had a common intention to commit offence  for which they can be convicted. The facts and circumstances of cases  vary and each case has to be decided keeping in view of the facts  involved. Whether an act is in furtherance of the common intention is an  incident of fact and not of law. In Bhaba Nanda Barma and Ors. v. The  State of Assam (AIR 1977 SC 2252) it was observed that prosecution must  prove facts to justify an inference that all participants of the acts  had shared a common intention to commit the criminal act which was  finally committed by one or more of the participants. Mere presence of a  person at the time of commission of an offence by his confederates is  not, in itself sufficient to bring his case within the purview of  Section 34, unless community of designs is proved against him (See  Malkhan and Anr. v. State of Uttar Pradesh (AIR 1975 SC 12). In the  Oxford English Dictionary, the word "furtherance" is defined as ’action  of helping forward’. Adopting this definition, Russel says that "it  indicates some kind of aid or assistance producing an effect in future"  and adds that any act may be regarded as done in furtherance of the  ultimate felony if it is a step intentionally taken, for the purpose of  "effecting that felony. (Russel on Crime 12th Edn. Vol.I pp.487 and  488). In Shankarlal Kacharabhai and Ors. v. The State of Gujarat (AIR  1963 SC 1260) this Court has interpreted the word "furtherance" as  ’advancement of promotion’.

In view of the cogent, credible and trustworthy evidence of PWs 1  to 4 about overt acts and the instigations, Section 34 has been rightly  applied by the High Court. Having regard to the nature of disputes  between the two families of the accused and victim, the happening of  events immediately before the incident in question, the role found to  have been played by them and the utterances said to have been made  during the course of the assault are sufficient to provide a safe and  sound basis for an inevitable inference of the existence of common  intention in this case.  Judgment of the High Court consequently does  not need any interference and the appeal is dismissed.                          

http://JUDIS.NIC.IN SUPREME COURT OF INDIA Page 5 of 5