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CASE NO.: Writ Petition (civil)  290 of 2001

PETITIONER: Thiruvengada Pillai

RESPONDENT: Navaneethammal & Anr.

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 19/02/2008

BENCH: R. V. Raveendran & P.Sathasivam

JUDGMENT: J U D G M E N T

R. V. RAVEENDRAN, J.

       This appeal by special leave is by the plaintiff in a suit for specific  performance - OS No.290/1980 on the file of District Munsiff, Tindivanam.  

Pleadings

2.      In the plaint, the plaintiff (appellant) alleged that the first defendant  (Adilakshmi) agreed to sell the suit schedule property to him under an  agreement of sale dated 5.1.1980 for a consideration of Rs.3,000/-, and  received Rs.2,000/- as advance. She agreed to execute a sale deed by  receiving the balance consideration of Rs.1,000/- within three months.  Possession of the suit property was delivered to him, under the said  agreement. He issued a notice dated 14.2.1980 calling upon the first  defendant to receive the balance price and execute the sale deed. The first  defendant sent a reply denying the agreement. To avoid performing the  agreement of sale, the first defendant executed a nominal sale deed in regard  to the suit property in favour of the second defendant (first respondent  herein), who was her close relative. The said sale was neither valid nor  binding on him. On the said averments, he sought specific performance of  the agreement of sale, against the defendant, alleging that he was ready and  willing to perform his part of the contract.

3.      The defendants denied the allegation that the first defendant had  executed an agreement of sale dated 5.1.1980 in favour of the plaintiff or  that she had delivered possession of the suit property to him. They  contended that plaintiff had concocted and forged the document with the  help of his henchmen to defraud the defendants. They claimed that the first  defendant had executed a valid sale deed dated 11.2.1980 in favour of the  second defendant and had delivered possession of the suit property to her;  and that the second defendant had put up a hut in the schedule property and  was actually residing therein. The second defendant raised an additional  contention that she was a bona fide purchaser for value and therefore, the  sale in her favour was valid.  

4.      During the pendency of the suit first defendant died, and the third  defendant (second respondent herein) was impleaded as her legal  representative, who adopted the written statement of the second defendant.

Issues and the Judgment  

5.      On the said pleadings, three issues were framed by the trial court : (i)  whether the agreement put forth by the plaintiff was true or concocted ? (ii)

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whether the second defendant had purchased the suit property for valid  consideration ? and (iii) whether the plaintiff was entitled to the relief of  specific performance ? The plaintiff examined himself as PW-1 and the  scribe of the agreement (Ramaswami Pillai) as PW-2 and an attesting  witness to the sale agreement (Venkatesha Pillai) as PW-3. The agreement  of sale was exhibited as Ex. A-1. The notice and reply were marked as Ex.  A2 and A4. The second defendant, (purchaser of the site), gave evidence as  DW-1 and the third defendant, who was also a witness to the sale deed dated  11.2.1980,  was examined as DW-2. The sale deed dated 11.2.1980 executed  by first defendant in favour of second defendant was marked as Ex.B2 and  previous title deed was exhibited as Ex. B4. The plaintiff and his witnesses  gave evidence that the sale agreement was duly executed by first defendant  in favour of plaintiff. The defendants gave evidence about the sale in favour  of second defendant and denied execution of any agreement of sale in favour  of plaintiff.   

6.      The trial court after appreciating the evidence, dismissed the suit  by  judgment and decree dated 28.2.1984. It held that the agreement of sale put  forth by plaintiff was false and must have been created after the sale on  11.2.1980 in favour of second defendant, by using some old stamp papers in  his possession. The said finding was based on the following facts and  circumstances :  (a)     The sale agreement (A-1) was not executed on currently purchased  stamp paper, but was written on two stamp papers, one purchased on  25.8.1973 in the name of Thiruvengadam and another  purchased on  7.8.1978 in the name of Thiruvengadam Pillai.

(b)     The two attestors to the agreement were close relatives of plaintiff.  One of them was Kannan, brother of the plaintiff and he was not  examined. The other was Venkatesa Pillai, uncle of plaintiff examined as  PW3. The scribe (PW-2) was a caste-man of plaintiff. Their evidence was  not trustworthy.  

(c)     Though the agreement of sale recited that the possession of the suit  property was delivered to plaintiff, no such possession was delivered. On  the other hand, the second defendant was put in possession on execution  of the sale deed and she put up a thatched hut in the schedule property and  was in actual physical possession. This falsified the agreement.  

(d)     If really there was an agreement of sale, in the normal course, the  plaintiff would have obtained the title deeds from the first defendant. But  the earlier title deeds were not delivered to him. On the other hand, they  were delivered to the second defendant who produced them as Ex.B3 and  Ex.B4.

(e)     In spite of defendants denying the agreement (Ex.A1), the    plaintiff failed to discharge his onus to prove that execution of the  agreement as he did not seek reference to a fingerprint expert to establish  that the thumb impression on the agreement was that of the first defendant.  

The first & second appeals

6.      Feeling aggrieved, the plaintiff filed an appeal before the Sub-Court,  Tindivanam. The first appellate court allowed the plaintiff’s appeal by  judgment dated 12.1.1987, held that the agreement of sale was proved and  decreed the suit granting specific performance. The following reasons were  given by the first appellant court in support of its finding :  (a)     The evidence of PW1 (plaintiff), the scribe (PW2) and the attestor  (PW3) proved the due execution of the agreement by the first defendant. As  the scribe (PW2) was not related to plaintiff and as PW3 was not a close  relative of plaintiff, their evidence could not have been rejected.  

(b)     The burden of proving that the agreement of sale was concocted and  forged was on the defendants and they ought to have taken steps to have the  document examined by a Finger Print expert, to establish that the disputed

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thumb mark in the agreement of sale (Ex.A1), was different from the  admitted thumb mark of the first defendant in the sale deed (Ex.B2). They  failed to do so.  

(c)     There appeared to be no marked difference between the finger  impression in the agreement of sale (Ex.A1) and the finger impression in the  sale deed in favour of the second defendant (Ex.B2), on a perusal of the said  two documents. Therefore, it could be inferred that first defendant had  executed the agreement.  

(d)     Execution of the agreement of sale on two stamp papers purchased on  different dates, did not invalidate the agreement.            8.      Being aggrieved, the second defendant filed a second appeal. The  High Court allowed the second appeal and dismissed the suit, by judgment  dated 17.2.1999. The High Court while restoring the decision of the trial  court held that the agreement of sale was not genuine for the following  reasons:  

(i)     The first appellate court had placed the onus wrongly on the  defendants to prove the negative. As the first defendant denied execution of  the agreement, the burden of establishing the execution of document, was on  the plaintiff. The plaintiff had failed to establish by acceptable evidence that  Ex. A-1 was a true and valid agreement of sale. The evidence, examined as a  whole, threw considerable doubt as to whether it was truly and validly  executed.  

(ii)    A perusal of the agreement (Ex.A1) showed that the thumb  impression was very pale and not clear. The first appellate court could not,  by a casual comparison of the disputed thumb impression in the agreement  with the admitted thumb impression in the sale deed, record a finding that  there were no marked differences in the thumb impressions in the two  documents (Ex.A1 and Ex.B2). In the absence of an expert’s opinion that the  thumb impression on the agreement of the sale was that of the first  defendant, the first appellate court ought not to have concluded that the  agreement of sale was executed by the first defendant.  

(iii)   In the normal course, an agreement would be executed on stamp  papers purchased immediately prior to the execution of the agreement. The  fact that the agreement was written on two stamp papers bearing the dates  25.8.1973 and 7.8.1978 purchased in two different names showed that it was  not genuine, but was anti-dated and forged.  

(iv)    The attesting witnesses to the agreement of sale were close relatives  of plaintiff. Their evidence was not trustworthy.  

Points for consideration

8.      The said judgment of the High Court is challenged in this appeal by  special leave. The appellant contended that having regard to the provisions  of Evidence Act, 1872, there was nothing improper in the first appellate  court comparing the disputed thumb impression in Ex. A-1 with the admitted  thumb impression of first defendant in Ex. B-2; and the finding of the first  appellate court on such comparison, that there were no marked differences  between the two thumb impressions, being a finding of fact, was not open to  interference in second appeal. It was next contended that the execution of the  agreement of sale was duly proved by the evidence of plaintiff (PW1), the  scribe (PW-2) and one of the attesting witnesses (PW3). It was pointed out   there was no evidence to rebut the evidence of PW1, PW2 and PW3  regarding due execution as first defendant died without giving evidence, and  as the defendants did not seek reference to a finger print expert to prove that  the thumb impression on the agreement of sale was not that of first  defendant. It was submitted that an agreement cannot be doubted or  invalidated merely on account of the fact that the two stamp papers used for  the agreement were purchased on different dates. The Appellant therefore

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submitted that the sale agreement was duly proved.

9.      On the contentions urged, the following questions arise for  consideration :

(i)     Whether the agreement of sale executed on two stamp papers  purchased on different dates and more than six months prior to date of  execution is not valid?

(ii)    Whether the first appellate court was justified in comparing the  disputed thumb impression with the admitted thumb impression and  recording a finding about the authenticity of the thumb impression, without  the benefit of any opinion of an expert?  

(iii)   Whether the High Court erred in reversing the judgment of the first  appellate court in second appeal?

Re : Question (i)  

11.     The Trial Court and the High Court have doubted the genuineness of  the agreement dated 5.1.1980 because it was written on two stamp papers  purchased on 25.8.1973 and 7.8.1978. The learned counsel for first  respondent submitted that apart from raising a doubt about the authenticity  of the document, the use of such old stamp papers invalidated the agreement  itself for two reasons. Firstly, it was illegal to use stamp papers purchased on  different dates for execution of a document. Secondly, as the stamp papers  used in the agreement of sale were more than six months old, they were not  valid stamp papers and consequently, the agreement prepared on such  ’expired’ papers was also not valid. We will deal with the second contention  first. The Indian Stamp Act, 1899 nowhere prescribes any expiry date for  use of a stamp paper. Section 54 merely provides that a person possessing a  stamp paper for which he has no immediate use (which is not spoiled or  rendered unfit or useless), can seek refund of the value thereof by  surrendering such stamp paper to the Collector provided it was purchased  within the period of six months next preceding the date on which it was so  surrendered. The stipulation of the period of six months prescribed in section  54 is only for the purpose of seeking refund of the value of the unused stamp  paper, and not for use of the stamp paper. Section 54 does not require the  person who has purchased a stamp paper, to use it within six months.  Therefore, there is no impediment for a stamp paper purchased more than six  months prior to the proposed date of execution, being used for a document.         

12.     The Stamp Rules in many States provide that when a person wants to  purchase stamp papers of a specified value and a single stamp paper of such   value is not available, the stamp vendor can supply appropriate number of  stamp papers required to make up the specified value; and that when more  than one stamp paper is issued in regard to a single transaction, the stamp  vendor is required to give consecutive numbers. In some States, the rules  further require an endorsement by the stamp vendor on the stamp paper  certifying that a single sheet of required value was not available and  therefore more than one sheet (specifying the number of sheets) have been  issued to make up the requisite stamp value. But the Indian Stamp Rules,  1925 applicable to Tamil Nadu, do not contain any provision that the stamp  papers of required value should be purchased together from the same vendor  with consecutive serial numbers. The Rules merely provide that where two  or more sheets of paper on which stamps are engraved or embossed are used  to make up the amount of duty chargeable in respect of any instrument, a  portion of such instrument shall be written on each sheet so used. No other  Rule was brought to our notice which required use of consecutively  numbered stamp papers in the State of Tamil Nadu. The Stamp Act is a  fiscal enactment intended to secure revenue for the State. In the absence of  any Rule requiring consecutively numbered stamp papers purchased on the  same day, being used for an instrument which is not intended to be  registered, a document cannot be termed as invalid merely because it is

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written on two stamp papers purchased by the same person on different  dates. Even assuming that use of such stamp papers is an irregularity, the  court can only deem the document to be not properly stamped, but cannot,  only on that ground, hold the document to be invalid.  Even if an agreement  is not executed on requisite stamp paper, it is admissible in evidence on  payment of duty and penalty under section 35 or 37 of the Indian Stamp Act,  1899. If an agreement executed on a plain paper could be admitted in  evidence by paying duty and penalty, there is no reason why an agreement  executed on two stamp papers, even assuming that they were defective,  cannot be accepted on payment of duty and penalty. But admissibility of a  document into evidence and proof of genuineness of such document are  different issues.  

13.     If a person wants to create or a back-dated agreement, the first hurdle  he faces is the non-availability of stamp paper of such old date. Therefore  tampering of the date of issue and seal affixed by the stamp vendor, as also  the entries made by the stamp vendor, are quite common in a forged  document. When the agreement is dated 5.1.1980, and the stamp papers used  are purchased in the years 1973 and 1978, one of the possible inferences is  that the plaintiff not being able to secure an anti-dated stamp paper for  creating the agreement (bearing a date prior to the date of sale in favour of  second defendant), made use of some old stamp papers that were available  with him, to fabricate the document. The fact that very old stamp papers of  different dates have been used, may certainly be a circumstance that can be  used as a piece of evidence to cast doubt on the authenticity of the  agreement. But that cannot be a clinching evidence. There is also a  possibility that a lay man unfamiliar with legal provisions relating to stamps,  may bona fide think that he could use the old unused stamp papers lying  with him for preparation of the document and accordingly use the old stamp  papers.   

Re : Point No.(ii)

14.     Section 45 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 relates to ’opinion of  experts’. It provides inter alia that when the court has to form an opinion as  to identity of handwriting or finger impressions, the opinion upon that point  of persons specially skilled in questions as to identity or handwriting or  finger impressions are relevant facts. Section 73 provides that in order to  ascertain whether a finger impression is that of the person by whom it  purports to have been made, any finger impression admitted to have been  made by that person, may be compared with the one which is to be proved.  These provisions have been the subject matter of several decisions of this  Court.  

14.1)   In The State (Delhi Administration) v. Pali Ram [1979 (2) SCC 158]  this Court held that a court does not exceed its power under section 73 if it  compares the disputed writing with the admitted writing of the party so as to  reach its own conclusion. But this Court cautioned : "Although there is no legal bar to the Judge using his own eyes to compare  the disputed writing with the admitted writing, even without the aid of the  evidence of any handwriting expert, the Judge should, as a matter of  prudence and caution, hesitate to base his finding with regard to the  identity of a handwriting which forms the sheet-anchor of the prosecution  case against a person accused of an offence, solely on comparison made  by himself. It is therefore, not advisable that a Judge should take upon  himself the task of comparing the admitted writing with the disputed one  to find out whether the two agree with each other; and the prudent course  is to obtain the opinion and assistance of an expert."

The caution was reiterated in O. Bharathan vs. K. Sudhakaran \026 1996 (2)  SCC 704. Again in Ajit Savant Majagvai v. State of Karnataka [1997 (7)  SCC 110] referring to section 73 of the Evidence Act, this Court held : "The section does not specify by whom the comparison shall be made.  However, looking to the other provisions of the Act, it is clear that such  comparison may either be made by a handwriting expert under Section 45

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or by anyone familiar with the handwriting of the person concerned as  provided by Section 47 or by the Court itself.

As a matter of extreme caution and judicial sobriety, the Court should not  normally take upon itself the responsibility of comparing the disputed  signature with that of the admitted signature or handwriting and in the  event of the slightest doubt, leave the matter to the wisdom of experts. But  this does not mean that the Court has not the power to compare the dispute  signature with the admitted signature as this power is clearly available  under Section 73 of the Act."

14.2)   In Murari Lal v. State of Madhya Pradesh - 1980 (1) SCC 704, this  Court indicated the circumstances in which the Court may itself compare  disputed and admitted writings, thus : "The argument that the court should not venture to compare writings itself,  as it would thereby assume to itself the role of an expert is entirely without  force. Section 73 of the Evidence Act expressly enables the court to  compare disputed writings with admitted or proved writings to ascertain  whether a writing is that of the person by whom it purports to have been  written. If it is hazardous to do so, as sometimes said, we are afraid it is  one of the hazards to which judge and litigant must expose themselves  whenever it becomes necessary. There may be cases where both sides call  experts and the voices of science are heard. There may be cases where  neither side calls an expert, being ill able to afford him. In all such cases, it  becomes the plain duty of the court to compare the writings and come to  its own conclusions. The duty cannot be avoided by recourse to the  statement that the court is no expert. Where there are expert opinions, they  will aid the court. Where there is none, the court will have to seek  guidance from some authoritative textbook and the court’s own experience  and knowledge. But discharge it must, its plain duty, with or without  expert, with or without other evidence."

The decision in Murari Lal (supra) was followed in Lalit Popli v. Canara  Bank & Ors. [2003 (3) SCC 583].

15.     While there is no doubt that court can compare the disputed  handwriting/signature/finger impression with the admitted handwriting/  signature/finger impression, such comparison by court without the assistance  of any expert, has always been considered to be hazardous and risky. When  it is said that there is no bar to a court to compare the disputed finger  impression with the admitted finger impression, it goes without saying that it  can record an opinion or finding on such comparison, only after an analysis  of the characteristics  of the admitted finger impression and after verifying  whether the same characteristics are found in the disputed finger impression.  The comparison of the two thumb impressions cannot be casual or by a mere  glance. Further, a finding in the judgment that there appeared to be no  marked differences between the admitted thumb impression and disputed  thumb impression, without anything more, cannot be accepted as a valid  finding that the disputed signature is of the person who has put the admitted  thumb impression. Where the Court finds that the disputed finger impression  and admitted thumb impression are clear and where the court is in a position  to identify the characteristics of finger prints, the court may record a finding  on comparison, even in the absence of an expert’s opinion. But where the  disputed thumb impression is smudgy, vague or very light, the court should  not hazard a guess by a casual perusal. The decision in Muralilal (supra) and  Lalit Popli (supra) should not be construed as laying a proposition that the  court is bound to compare the disputed and admitted finger impressions and  record a finding thereon, irrespective of the condition of the disputed finger  impression. When there is a positive denial by the person who is said to have  affixed his finger impression and where the finger impression in the disputed  document is vague or smudgy or not clear, making it difficult for  comparison, the court should hesitate to venture a decision based on its own  comparison of the disputed and admitted finger impressions. Further even in  cases where the court is constrained to take up such comparison, it should

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make a thorough study, if necessary with the assistance of counsel, to  ascertain the characteristics, similarities and dissimilarities. Necessarily, the  judgment should contain the reasons for any conclusion based on  comparison of the thumb impression, if it chooses to record a finding  thereon. The court should avoid reaching conclusions based on a mere  casual or routine glance or perusal.

16.     In this case the first defendant had denied having put her finger  impression on Ex. A-1. She died during the pendency of the suit before her  turn came for giving evidence. The High Court having examined the  document has clearly recorded the finding that the thumb mark in Ex. A-1  was pale (that is light) and not clear. The document though dated 1980, was  executed on two stamp papers which were purchased in 1973 and 1978.  Contrary to the recital in the agreement that possession had been delivered to  the plaintiff, the possession was not in fact delivered to plaintiff, but  continued with the first defendant and she delivered the possession to the  second defendant. The title deeds were not delivered to plaintiff. The  attesting witnesses were close relatives of plaintiff and one of them was not  examined. The scribe’s evidence was unsatisfactory. It was also difficult to  believe that the first defendant, an illiterate old woman from a village, would  enter into an agreement of sale on 5.1.1980 with plaintiff, and even when he  is ready to complete the sale, sell the property to someone else hardly a  month thereafter, on 11.2.1980. In this background, the finding by the first  appellant court, recorded without the benefit of any expert opinion, merely  on a casual perusal, that there appeared to be no marked differences between  the two thumb impressions, and therefore Ex. A-1 (sale agreement) must  have been executed by first defendant, was unsound. The High Court was  justified in interfering with the finding of the first appellate court that the  Ex.A1 was executed by first defendant.  

Re : Point No.(iii)

17.     The trial court had analyzed the evidence properly and had dismissed  the suit by giving cogent reasons. The first appellate court reversed it by  wrongly placing onus on the defendants. Its observation that when the  execution of an unregistered document put forth by the plaintiff was denied  by the defendants, it was for the defendants to establish that the document  was forged or concocted, is not sound proposition. The first appellate court  proceeded on the basis that it is for the party who asserts something to prove  that thing; and as the defendants alleged that the agreement was forged, it  was for them to prove it. But the first appellate court lost sight of the fact  that the party who propounds the document will have to prove it. In this case  plaintiffs came to court alleging that the first defendant had executed an  agreement of sale in favour. The first defendant having denied it, the burden  was on the plaintiff to prove that the first defendant had executed the  agreement and not on the first defendant to prove the negative. The issues  also placed the burden on the plaintiff to prove the document to be true. No  doubt, the plaintiff attempted to discharge his burden by examining himself  as also scribe and one of the attesting witnesses. But the various  circumstances enumerated by the trial court and High Court referred to  earlier, when taken together, rightly create a doubt about the genuineness of  the agreement and dislodge the effect of the evidence of  PW 1 to 3. We are  therefore of the view that the decision of the High Court, reversing the  decision of the first appellate court, does not call for interference.  

18.     We, therefore, find no merit in this appeal and the same is accordingly  dismissed. Parties to bear their respective costs.