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CASE NO.: Appeal (civil)  14178-14184 of 1996

PETITIONER: Brij Behari Sahai (Dead) through L.Rs., etc. etc.                      

RESPONDENT: State of Uttar Pradesh                                                  

DATE OF JUDGMENT: 28/11/2003

BENCH: Doraiswamy Raju & Arijit Pasayat.

JUDGMENT: J U D G M E N T

D. RAJU, J.  

       The above appeals, arising out of a common judgment dated 8.2.1995 of  a Division Bench of the Allahabad High Court in First Appeal Nos. 74 to 80 of  1982, involving identical questions of law and similar facts, are dealt with  together.

       The immovable properties, land and buildings in question, which are the  subject-matter of acquisition under the Land Acquisition Act, 1864 [hereinafter  referred to as "the Act"], forming part of large extent were granted by Competent  Authority on behalf of the Government of North Western Provinces of British  India by a deed dated 24.12.1862 subject only to the conditions stipulated  therein, which included, apart from the payment of the lump sum amount  specified therein, the rent/ground rent up to 31.7.1869 the periodical payment of  on and from 31st July 1869 revised annual ground rent that may be fixed by the  Revenue Collector of Allahabad District, in favour of one Mr. Walter Edmond  Davis, Indigo Planter of Bengal.  The same was sold to and purchased from the  said grantee by the Right Reverend Doctor Avastasins Hartmann of the Roman  Catholic Mission Lord Bishop and Vicor Apostolic of Patna under a registered  sale deed dated 7.1.1863 whose successor-in-office Right Reverend Doctor  Pesci sold the properties more fully described in and under a sale deed dated  13.5.1886, in favour of General Puddum Jung Bahadur Rana, who hailed from  Nepal but settled in Nynetal, the great grand father of Rana Pratap Jung  Bahadur, Rana Pradyuman Jung Bahadur and Rana Rutasan Jung Bahadur.  It  is also claimed that Rana Paddum Jung Bahadur also took, in addition to these  properties, on lease additional extent of lands measuring about 68 Bighas and 7  Biswas on different dates.  It is further claimed that in the year 1910 the  management of the lands in question was entrusted to the Municipal Board of  Allahabad, subsequently came to be renamed as Nagar Mahapalika of Allahabad  and the said body had these properties recorded in the name of the descendants  of Rana Padam Jung Bahadur in the Property Register of the Nazul section.

       While matters stood thus, in the year 1941 the State of U.P. seems to  have instituted proceedings to recover the arrears of ground rent due from the  heirs of the owners and a suit again seems to have been filed in the year 1959  also for the same purpose admitting the relationship between parties, the  Government of U.P. and the heirs of Late Rana to be Lessor and Lessee.  The  authorities of the State seem to have started asserting in some form or other in  correspondence as well as some of these litigations that the heirs of Rana had  only a limited leasehold interest and that the period of such leasehold interest  also expired by efflux of time and in the absence of renewal thereafter, the heirs  of Rana were said to be in possession of the leasehold properties only as a  tenant holding over and not as a tenant under a perpetual lease.  In the year  1970, the State appears to have filed a suit seeking for recovery of the arrears of  ground rent and for eviction and when the claim of the State was rejected at the  appellate stage the State does not appear to have pursued the matter further.  It

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is in the backlog of such claims and counter claims the present acquisition  proceedings seem to have been initiated to acquire portions of the land on  23.10.1976.  The stand of the State during the award proceedings and thereafter  even before a Reference Court initially was one admitting the interest of the  appellants and their predecessor-in-title, but by the time the Reference Court  could decide the matters finally, the State appears to have filed additional written  statements disputing the rights of the appellants and their predecessor-in-interest  in toto by asserting that the term of lease of Rana family expired and, therefore,  they had no interest, title or right in the lands in question and that the lands have  already vested absolutely with the State of U.P. and, therefore, the transferees  from the heirs and successors-in-interest of Rana cannot claim any share in the  compensation.  While thus disputing the rights and claims of the appellants, the  State started asserting that the State alone is the absolute owner of the lands in  question with the trees standing thereon and as such entitled to the whole of the  compensation.  

       So far as the Land Acquisition Officer is concerned, in the Award passed  on 9.3.1978 it was held that the appellants were the Cultivators of the lands and  while, at the same time, evaluating the value of the leasehold rights as that of  thirty years in the land had apportioned ten annas share in favour of the  Government and six annas share in favour of the appellants.  Aggrieved, the  appellants sought reference under Section 18(1) of the Act.  As a consequence  of which, seven references came to be made.  The State also sought for and got  a reference made, as well.   

The learned Third Additional District Judge, Allahabad, exercising  jurisdiction as the Reference Court under the Act, by his common Award and  Judgment dated 29.5.1981, held the reference made at the instance of the State  to be incompetent and did not pass any Award thereon.  But so far as the  references at the instance of the claimants are concerned, the learned District  Judge, while affirming the rate of market value as determined, interfered with the  apportionment by undertaking what he possessed to be an assessment of the  market value of the totality of the interest held by the claimants alone in the land  and in so determining ultimately came to the conclusion that the amount  determined in its entirety would go to the claimants, subject only to the right of  the State Government to recover the value of its interest as found by the learned  District Judge by capitalizing the quit rent due to the Government multiplied by  twenty years of rent.   Aggrieved, the State approached the High Court by filing  eight appeals under Section 54 of the Land Acquisition Act.  The Division Bench  of the Allahabad High Court by the judgment under challenge held that the  claimants had no better interest than that of a tenant holding over, which,  according to the High Court, was a precarious possession only and while  sustaining the market value of Rs.33.30 per square yard, set aside the finding of  the District Court as to the apportionment of the entire compensation determined  to the claimants and restored the apportionment ordered by the Land Acquisition  Officer granting six annas share in a rupee to the claimants.  Hence, these  appeals.

Shri Harish N. Salve, learned Senior Counsel appearing for the appellants,  after inviting our attention to the relevant materials on record, strenuously  contended that the High Court was in grave error in interfering with the decision  of the Reference Court rendered on an exhaustive analysis and elaborate  consideration in accordance with law of all the materials on record placed during  the course of trial of the Reference Court and that the ultimate decision arrived at  by the High Court to restore the apportionment of the compensation as made by  the LAO in the Award in the proportion of ten annas and six annas between the  State and the claimants without any objective consideration of the issues and  even in the absence of recording any valid reasons therefor suffered from serious  infirmities, warranting the interference of this Court. It was also contended that  when the indisputable materials on record in the original grant disclosed no time  limit or duration of period of the grant and even when the Government and the  Mahanagar Palika subsequently treated the grant to be of a perpetual lease,  which itself, though according to the appellants, was unwarranted, there was no  legally acceptable material whatsoever to alter the nature of the grant into one of  a lease for a specified period or duration to completely deprive the claimants and

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their predecessor-in-interest of any right and interest in the property so as to  deny their right to receive compensation.  It was also asserted for the appellants  that subject to the payment of ground rent as stipulated in the initial grant, the  quantum of which might be subject to revision in the periodical revenue  statements, the rights granted in favour of Ranas were total and complete in all  respects in properties, particularly having regard to the fact that there was not  even any clause in the grant indicating it to be either by way of lease or that any  right was reserved under the grant for resumption of the same unconditionally or  unilaterally.  So far as the question of apportionment of the compensation and  the course adopted by the High Court in restoring the proportion of  apportionment made by the Land Acquisition Officer is concerned, it was  contended that not only the Award of the Land Acquisition Officer was illegal and  unjustified, but the Reference Court has rightly chosen to, as a sequel to its  finding on the nature of rights held by the Ranas and the claimants as their  successors-in-interest in the property, determine the market value of only the  bundle of rights held by the Ranas/claimants and consequently there was no  justification for the High Court to restore the apportionment made by the Land  Acquisition Officer.  It was incidentally also urged that when the Land Acquisition  Officer himself was convinced of the rights of the claimants to be that of a  cultivator, the said Authority, at the same time, erred in evaluating the market  value of the same viewing it to be a limited leasehold interest, which, according  to the appellants, rightly came to be interfered with by the Reference Court.  In  substance, the claims sought to be projected on behalf of the appellants are that  the grant in favour of Ranas, from whom the appellants derived their rights, is  absolute subject only to the payment of the ground rent assessed and revised  periodically and that the same to be also by way of a perpetual or permanent  lease in the absence of any specific period of time or any provision for unilateral  resumption.  The rights of the Government, if at all, it is urged, could be only to  the extent of recovering ground rent assessed or its capitalized value and nothing  more and consequently the market value fixed by the Reference Court after  giving due weight to large nature of extent under acquisition and deductions  necessary for the developmental purposes, no question of any further deduction,  except for the payment or deduction of the capitalized value of the ground rent,  could arise and the judgment of the Reference Court rendered by the learned  District Judge deserves to be upheld and restored to the appellants.  

Per contra, Shri S. Wasim A. Qadri, learned counsel for the respondents,  with equal vehemence, contended reiterating the same stand taken before the  Reference Court in the light of the additional written statements filed asserting  the exclusive rights of the State in the properties in question reiterating the claim,  that the appellants are not entitled to any compensation whatsoever for the  properties in question.  It was further contented for the respondent-State that the  learned District Judge, exercising powers of the Reference Court, went wrong in  determining the nature and character of the grant and as to the rights and  interests held by the claimants and their predecessor-in-interest to be that of a  perpetual lessee and that, therefore, no exception could be taken to the  conclusions arrived at by the Division Bench of the High Court.  Reliance was  sought to be placed on the basis of a Draft Lease Deed said to have been signed  by the successors-in-interest of the original grantee Rana and some  correspondence as well as the legal proceedings, which took place among the  parties, noticed supra, for recovering rent/eviction in support of the claims made  for the State.  According to the learned counsel for the respondent, even six  annas share ordered by the Land Acquisition Officer and restored by the High  Court, is not really due to the claimants in law.  Reliance has also been placed by  the learned counsel on a decision reported in Inder Pershad Vs. Union of India  & Ors. [(1994) 5 SCC 239] in support of the stand that at any rate the  apportionment made by the Land Acquisition Officer, which stood restored by the  judgment of the High Court, was correct and does not call for any further  interference in these appeals.  

       Before undertaking a consideration of the respective contentions, it would  be useful to refer broadly to some of the findings of the Land Acquisition Officer  in the Award and of the Reference Court for a better and proper appreciation of  the contentions of parties:

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A.  The Land Acquisition Officer, who passed the Award, seems to notice  the very claim on behalf of the appellants to be that the owner of the Nazul land  in the capacity of a perpetual leaseholder for the construction of house/building,  the subsequent improvements and development claims to have been made, and  for payment of market value at Rs.50 per sq. yard, in addition to the claims for  trees and other improvements, etc.  Thereupon, after considering the materials  on record, keeping into consideration the fact that the lands in question are Nazul  lands and that the claimants to be cultivators not only fixed the market value at  Rs.3.70 per sq. ft., which comes to Rs.33.30 per sq. yard, but also apportioned  the compensation in the proportion of 10:6 Annas between Government and  Claimants, respectively.     

   B.  So far as the Reference Court is concerned, the conclusions arrived at  are: The reference at the instance of the State, notwithstanding Section 18(3)  inserted by the Amendment Act, is incompetent having been made beyond  the period of limitation stipulated in the statute and that at any rate no  reference under Section 18(3) of the Act at the instance of the Land Reforms  Commissioner could also be entertained with reference to disputes as to title.  The Government, after admitting, at all relevant points of time, the rights and  interest of the claimants and having had the apportionment got done through  its Land Acquisition Officer by resorting to provisions under the Land  Acquisition Act, cannot at a later stage fall back to assert a claim that the  claimants and their predecessors-in-interest had no right or interest  whatsoever in the properties to claim any compensation for the acquisition  and that all the interests in the properties vested free from all encumbrances  with the State.  The records produced and admitted in evidence proved that  the lands, buildings thereon and appurtenance thereto belonged to the family  of Ranas and that the admitted status of ’perpetual lessees’ in respect of  them, at any rate, cannot be denied, inasmuch as such perpetual leasehold  interest was found to be disclosed even by the Nazul Register and that the  lease also was shown to be for purpose of dwelling houses.  The purchasers  from the members of Ranas family are bona fide purchasers for valuable  consideration and even their vendors have deposed before the Authorities  during the Award enquiry that the compensation relating to the properties may  be paid over to the purchasers directly and that they do not choose to assert  for any rights for themselves in and over such transferred items.  The  properties in question are part and parcel of the grant originally made in  favour of the Walter Edmond Davies and there was no restriction of any kind  therein, including on the right to transfer by the grantee, or that any right of  unilateral resumption was reserved in the grant by the Grantor State.  The  sale also by the Ranas in favour of the purchasers was subject to the  continued payment of ground rent, the only condition imposed in the original  grant and, therefore, cannot be said to be vitiated.  Even assuming for  purposes of consideration that the lease period expired as claimed for the  State and that they are entitled to resume possession by having recourse to  law, inasmuch as instead of doing so the State resorted to acquisition under  the Act, the State cannot deny compensation payable to the claimants for the  rights and interest held by them in the properties acquired, particularly when  their possession of the lands was indisputable and beyond controversy and  was taken only from them.  The possession of the Ranas and their  successors-in-interest cannot be said to be adverse since the relationship of  landlord and tenant was recognized, in substance by decrees passed for  recovery of the ground rent and consequently the plea of adverse possession  cannot be countenanced.  There is no discrepancy in the area of the land  acquired and taken over and that as shown in the acquisition proceedings  and the State cannot raise such questions at all in these proceedings.  As far  as the quantum of compensation and the question as to whether it was  excessive or not is concerned \026 the Reference Court held that market value  of the land fixed at Rs.33.30 per sq. yard is neither excessive nor  unwarranted in law, keeping in view the value fixed by the Government itself  in respect of Shiv Kuti Arzai Barudkhana lands of lesser quality and other  materials produced and that the said rate itself having been arrived at after  giving due deductions and depreciation for carrying out development and also  taking into large extent under acquisition as well as there was no need for any

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further deductions. As regards the question of apportionment of the  compensation, it was held that the apportionment in the ratio of 10:6 Annas  respectively in favour of Government and claimants is unreasonable and  improper having regard to the fact that the market value fixed at Rs.33.30 per  sq. yard itself was only of the portion out of bundle of rights of the claimants  and keeping into account their claims only as lessees.

The manner and method undertaken for the ultimate determination of the  valuation of the property at Rs.33.30 per sq. yard also requires to be noticed, as  culled out from the Award passed by the Reference Court (vide Internal Pages  139-143 of the typed copy and Pages 189-191 of the Appeal Paper Book).  The  total value of the land would be about Rs.99 and odd keeping in view the  preventing market rate at the relevant point of time and even on the basis of  materials placed on record, particularly Ex.57.  But so far as the rights of the  claimants as lessees are concerned, excluding the rights of the Government, the  same deserved, in the view of the Reference Court, to be valued at Rs.66.51 per  sq. yard.  Further deductions were found made at 25% for the land being  underdeveloped and 25% for the land acquired being large area compared to the  exemplar land and thus finally, in the opinion of the Reference Court, the  resultant valuation of the rights and interests of the claimants as lessees only  came to be arrived at Rs.33.30 per sq. yards.  

       It would be appropriate to advert to some of the judicial pronouncements  noticed by the Reference Court as well as those to which our attention was  drawn at the time of hearing of the appeals.

       In Kachrulal Hiralal Dhoot Vs. The Gurudwara Board, Nanded & Ors.  [AIR 1979 Bombay 31], a Division Bench of the Bombay High Court held that in  the matter of apportionment of compensation under the Land Acquisition Act,  between owners of land and permanent tenants/permanent licensee, if the right  of the owners was only to receive every year a certain sum, then naturally upon  acquisition of the property including their interests in the land, they would receive  the compensation which would be arrived at upon capitalization of twenty years’  income and that the rest has to be paid to the other claimants-permanent  tenants/permanent licensees.  In Shiam Lal & Ors. Vs. Collector of Agra [AIR  1934 Allahabad 239], a Full Bench of the High Court held that where an  agricultural land of Zamindar over which tenant has occupancy right is acquired  by Government under the Land Acquisition Act, the compensation awarded  should be apportioned in the ratio of 10:6 annas, as between the Zamindar and  the tenant, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, though not as a rule of law  but as a rule of practice.         

       In the The Collector of Bombay Vs. Nusserwanji Rattanji Mistri & Ors.  [1955 (1) SCR 1311], it was observed that when the Government acquires lands  under the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act, the Government acquires the  sum total of all private interests subsisting in them to put them to a public  purpose and that if the Government has itself an interest in the land it has to only  acquire the other interests outstanding therein, so that it might be in a position to  pass it on absolutely for public user.  Approval was also accorded to the view that  the Land Acquisition Act does not contemplate or provide for the acquisition of  any interest which already belongs to Government in land which is being  acquired under the Act, but only for the acquisition of such interests in the land  as do not already belong to the Government, since there can be no acquisition by  the Government of what already was its own.  It was also observed therein that  under the scheme of the Act, it is the interests of the occupants which are  ascertained and valued and the Government is directed to pay the compensation  fixed for them and there is no valuation of the right of the Government to levy  assessment on the lands and there is no award of compensation therefor.  Under  the Land Acquisition Act what is acquired is only the ownership over the lands or  the inferior rights comprised therein and that the Government is not person  interested within the meaning of Section 3(b).  This Court in Dr. G.H. Grant Vs.  State of Bihar [1965 (3) SCR 576] held as follows:     

"\005\005  The Collector is not authorized to decide finally  the conflicting rights of the persons interested in the

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amount of compensation : he is primarily concerned  with the acquisition of the land.  In determining the  amount of compensation which may be offered, he has,  it is true, to apportion the amount of compensation  between the persons known or believed to be  interested in the land, of whom, or of whose claims, he  has information, whether or not they have appeared  before him.  But the scheme of apportionment by the  Collector does not finally determine the rights of the  persons interested in the amount of compensation: the  award is only conclusive between the Collector and the  persons interested and not among the persons  interested.  The Collector has no power to finally  adjudicate upon the title to compensation, that dispute  has to be decided either in a reference under s. 18 or  under s.30 or in a separate suit.  Payment of  compensation therefore under s.31 to the person  declared by the award to be entitled thereto discharges  the State of its liability to pay compensation (subject to  any modification by the Court), leaving it open to the  claimant to compensation to agitate his right in a  reference under s.30 or by a separate suit."

       In State of Madras Vs. K.N. Shanmugha Mudaliar & Ors. [1976 (3) SCR  536], this Court, while rejecting the plea on behalf of the State that as the land  had vested in the Government under the Abolition Act, the respondents were not  entitled to compensation under the Land Acquisition Act, held as hereunder:

"\005\005.  We find it difficult to accede to this submission,  for we are of the opinion that in case the State wanted  to take over the land under the Abolition Act, it should  not have proceeded to acquire the interest of the  respondents in the land in dispute under the Land  Acquisition Act.  There were two alternative courses  open to the State, either to proceed under the Land  Acquisition Act or to take over the land under the  Abolition Act.  Although the estate was notified under  the Abolition Act, the proceedings under that Act were  stayed and the matter proceeded under the Land  Acquisition Act.  As the proceedings, which were  continued, were under the Land Acquisition Act, the  compensation payable had also to be paid in  accordance with the provisions of that Act.  The  reference, which was made by the Land Acquisition  Officer to the Subordinate Judge under Section 18 of  the Land Acquisition Act, was with respect to the  quantum of compensation payable to the respondents  because the respondents had felt dissatisfied with the  amount awarded to them as compensation by the said  Officer.  The underlying assumption of those  proceedings was that the respondents had an interest  in the land.  If it was the case of the appellant that the  respondents had been divested of their interest in the  land and the same had vested in the appellant-State,  the appellant should have taken appropriate steps to  make such a claim in accordance with law.  No such  claim seems to have been made.  The High Court  expressly left open the question of the claim of the  State Government to the amount of compensation  deposited on the score that Melwaramdar respondents  were not entitled to it by reason of having lost all their  interest in the land at the relevant point of time.  We  agree with the High Court that it was not open to the  appellant-State in the particular reference made at the  instance of the respondents to the Subordinate Judge

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to set up a claim adverse to the interest of the  respondents.  There is also we find nothing in the  award of the learned Subordinate Judge to show that  any question was raised before him that the amount of  compensation was not payable to the respondents in  accordance with the provisions of the Land Acquisition  Act.  This question appears to have been agitated for  the first time only in the appeal before the High Court.   The High Court rejected the contention in this behalf.   We find no cogent ground to take a different view."                    

       In Chapsibhai Dhanjibhai Dand vs. Purushottam [AIR 1971 SC 1878], it  was observed in dealing with the question as to whether a lease was permanent  one or for the lifetime only of the lessee, even where it was for building structures  and was transferable, that the answer depended upon the terms of the lease and  that Courts must look at the substance of it to ascertain whether parties intended  it to be a permanent lease.  It was also held therein that the fact that the lease  provided that the lessee could continue in possession of the property so long as  he paid the stipulated rent did not mean that the lease was for perpetuity and  instead it would be usually regarded as a lease for an indefinite period and,  therefore, for the lessee’s lifetime.  In Hamidullah (Dead) by his L.Rs. & Ors.  vs. Abdullah & Ors. [AIR 1972 SC 410], it was observed that in every case the  inference to be drawn as to the permanency of tenancy would be a question of  fact depending upon the facts of each particular case and the onus is always  upon he who asserts such claim.  While dealing with a question as to whether the  Reference Court under the Land Acquisition Court had jurisdiction to decline to  answer the reference on finding that the reference sought and made was beyond  the statutorily fixed period, this Court in Mohammed Hasnuddin vs. State of  Maharashtra [AIR 1979 SC 404] held that the Collector acting under Section 18  of the Act being a statutory authority exercising his own powers under the said  provision and that the making of an application for reference within the time  prescribed by proviso to Section 18(2) is a sine qua non for a valid reference and  that the Reference Court being merely a Tribunal of special jurisdiction had a  bounder duty to see whether the reference made in a given case complied with  the conditions laid down so as to give the court jurisdiction to hear the reference  and decline to answer the reference when the same was found to have been not  properly and validly made.  In Bangaru Narasingha Rao Naidu etc. vs. The  Revenue Divisional Officer, Vizianagaram [AIR 1982 SC 63], it was held that  the best evidence of the market value of the land acquired would be afforded by  transactions of sale in respect of the very acquired land provided, there was  nothing to doubt the authenticity of the transactions.  

       In Col. Sir Harinder Singh Brar Bans Bahadur Vs. Bihari Lal & Ors.,  etc.[(1994) 4 SCC 523], it has been held that if a tenanted land which its tenant  was entitled to purchase under Section 18 of the Punjab Security of Land  Tenures Act, 1953 did vest in the State by reason of its acquisition under the  Land Acquisition Act before he became its deemed owner as envisaged under  sub-section (4) of Section 18 of the Tenure Act, the landowner of that tenanted  land could have made a claim for compensation awardable therefor under the  Land Acquisition Act and his entitlement out of the said compensation could only  be that falling in the component of compensation in Item (i), the market value of  that land together with solatium and interest, though limited to the amount of  purchase price of which he was entitled to get for the land under Section 18 of  the Tenures Act and nothing more or less.    

       In Inder Parshad’s case (Supra), this Court, while dealing with the  compensation payable and apportionment of the same between the lessee and  the owner of Nazul land owned by the Government itself but given on perpetual  lease by the Government with right to re-entry on breach of covenants, when  being acquired under the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, held that  the fixation of the proportion by the High Court at 75% and 25% respectively as  payable to the lessee and the Government was right and that does not call for  interference of this Court.

       In Union of India through Secretary, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt.

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of India, New Delhi & Ors. Vs. A. Ajit Singh S/o S. Chet Singh, Delhi, [(1997)  6 SCC 50], a Bench consisting of three learned Judges, while dealing with the  apportionment of compensation between the tenant and landlord on the land  being acquired under the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 in respect of Government  land held by the tenant under a lease for thirty years with a right to further  renewal up to a maximum period of 99 years, held that the ratio of 60% to the  tenant and 40% to the landlord for apportionment of the compensation would be  a reasonable ratio.   

       The relevant records and documents apart, though the dealings, conduct  and claims as to their respective status, inter se relationship vis-‘-vis the  properties in question and their rights and interests therein seem to present  varying, discordant and disorientated picture on account of a disorganised  handling of such matters at different stages and points of time, certain vitally  relevant aspects necessary for adjudication of the disputes raised in these  appeals admits of no serious controversies or disputes.  To notice some such of  them are \026 the grant made under a document dated 24.12.1862 does not  indicate that what was granted was a lease but one in return for the lump sum  paid and subject to the continued payment initially of ground rent in relation to a  portion and rent for the other and thereafter uniformly for all lands the payment of  ground rent as revised, periodically.  Since, it was not a lease as such, no  duration of time or period seems to have been indicated and there appears to be  a conspicuous omission also of any condition or clause enabling re-entry by  resumption for one or other reason.  Despite all such, for reasons beyond  comprehension, the said properties along with certain other items of garden land  in respect of which leases seem to have been obtained on different occasions,  appear to have been shown as having been entrusted to the management of  Mahanagar Palika, which got it entered as part of the Nazul Lands in the relevant  register maintained, with no indication as to any time limit.  The claim of the heirs  of Rana as well as their successors-in-interest including the claimants appears  from all such dealings to be only that of a permanent lessee, subject only to the  obligation to pay the ground rent assessed, and as revised periodically.  Then  comes, the draft lease said to have been signed by an heir and successor-in- interest of the original grantee, which, though provide for 30 years lease,  contains a clause for periodical renewal upto 90 a total of years.  The fact that  the suits for recovery of ground rent being decreed but, at the same time, one  such filed later for eviction also by the Government though did not meet with  success and came to be dismissed with no further action thereon by the State  also are matters of record.  The further fact remains that, the State has not  chosen to take possession of the properties, in exercise of their professed or  alleged rights, apparently aware of their difficulties as well and instead have  chosen to have resort to the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, and  took possession in exercise of those powers of acquisition.  Thus, the questions  now put in issue by the parties are: (a) whether the State could completely deny  the rights and interests of the claimants so as to deprive them of their claims for  compensation; (b) what are the respective interests of the parties: State on one  hand and the claimants on the other in the properties acquired; and (c) how their  respective interests have to be valued and whether the manner of determination  undertaken by the authority and courts below are correct or that it requires  interference  in these appeals.

       Having regard to the settled principles of law governing the matter in issue  necessarily flowing from the relevant decisions noticed supra, we are of the view  that the stand taken, in extreme by both sides, requires due modulation and  moderation to finally and effectively determine their respective claims as to their  rights in the property acquired and the payment of compensation in respect of the  same.  Despite differences, variations and shifting of stands indicated above, we  are of the view that both parties on either side should not be allowed to adopt  their respective extreme stands at this point of time and to some extent, they will  be precluded from doing so also on the principle of estoppel arising out of their  own conduct for such long spells of time.  Consequently, we, on the facts and  circumstances of the case, find enough justification to hold that the Nazul  character of the land can be sustained with corresponding rights of perpetual  lessee in the appellants/claimants and their predecessor-in-interest, subject, of  course, to the payment of the periodically revised ground rent.

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       The claim on behalf of the appellants that the entire compensation  determined was only in respect of the totality of the rights held by the appellants  as lessees and not of the whole inclusive of the rights and interests of the  Government also, though appears to be attractive, does not appeal to us for  acceptance.  Though as a matter of principle of law, the Government while  invoking the provisions of the Land Acquisition Act for acquiring a land in which  the Government also had some or other of interest, need not go for acquiring  their interest as well and what is permissible as well as obligated for acquisition is  only of such of the private interest of third parties other than that of the  Government, the Land Acquisition Officer in this case has chosen to, while  determining the market value, indisputably proceed to determine for the whole of  it and only as a consequence thereof has chosen to apportion compensation  between the Government and the claimants at the rate of 10 annas : 6 annas  respectively.  Though the Reference Court, during the course of its judgment.  adverts to the principles relating to the need or desirability of acquiring only  private parties other than that of the Government under the Land Acquisition Act  has ultimately chosen to adopt only the standard and rate of market value  determined by the Land Acquisition Officer.  Consequently, niceties of language  apart and the purported endeavour attempted to have been made by the  Reference Court, we are constrained to hold that the actual market value  determined was that of the acquired properties as a whole and consequently the  need for apportionment, inevitably arise.

       Applying the ratio of the decision of this Court reported in Inder Parshad’s  case (supra), the fixation of apportionment in the ratio of 75% in favour of the  claimants and 25% in favour of the State would be just and reasonable.  The  ratio fixed therein seems to us to be more appropriate on the facts of these  cases, than the one approved in A. Ajit Singh’s case (supra).  Having regard to  the fact that the Government’s interest has been fixed at the proportion of 25%,  there is no further need or justification to direct the capitalization of the ground  rent for further being deducted or directed to be paid by the claimants either from  the compensation amount or otherwise, separately.

       For all the reasons stated above, in our view the High Court has  committed a patent error of law and misdirected itself in determining the  respective rights of the claimants/appellants on the one hand and the  Government on the other in the lands in question as well as in restoring the ratio  of apportionment made by the Land Acquisition Officer, without any objective  consideration of the relevant principles in their proper perspective.   Consequently, we set aside the same.  Resultantly, the appeal shall stand  allowed with the following consequences:

       That the entire compensation awarded shall be distributed among the  claimants in the ratio of 75% and the State in the ratio of 25%.  The claimants are  not bound to pay anything further even by way of capitalization of the ground rent  payable.  The parties will bear their respective costs.