B.K. SRINIVASAN & ANOTHER ETC. ETC. Vs STATE OF KARNATAKA & ORS.
Bench: REDDY,O. CHINNAPPA (J)
Case number: Appeal Civil 2780 of 1982
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PETITIONER: B.K. SRINIVASAN & ANOTHER ETC. ETC.
Vs.
RESPONDENT: STATE OF KARNATAKA & ORS.
DATE OF JUDGMENT19/01/1987
BENCH: REDDY, O. CHINNAPPA (J) BENCH: REDDY, O. CHINNAPPA (J) OZA, G.L. (J)
CITATION: 1987 AIR 1059 1987 SCR (1)1054 1987 SCC (1) 658 JT 1987 (1) 180 1987 SCALE (1)142
ACT: Mysore Town and Country Planning Act, 1961--ss.9.12,13,76J and 81A(a)--Planning Authority Rules, 1965--Rules 32 and 33 and Form II--Publication of a notice in Official Gazette--Inviting attention of the Public to the display and availability for inspection of the Plan and the Regulations--Whether sufficient compliance with s. 13(4) and Rule 33--Plan and Regulations--Whether to be bodily incorpo- rated in the Gazette--Defect in Publication, if any,--Wheth- er curable by s. 76J--Mention of Plan and non-mention of the Regulations in the notice--Whether amounts to non-publica- tion of Regulations--s. 13-Outline Development Plan and Regulations--Whether distinct. Administrative Law--Subordinate legislation--Notifica- tion-Necessity of--How ’and when becomes effective--Publica- tion of Notification--Mode of--Notification--Defect in publication--If notification otherwise served its purpose--Whether mere procedural irregularity in publication would render the notification illegal--Subordinate legisla- tion--To be published or promulgated in suitable manner. Statutory Law--Effect of non-compliance with statutory requirement-Whether depends upon the mandatory or directory nature of the pro vision. Interpretation of Statutes--Interpretation which departs from common understanding of statute should be avoided.
HEADNOTE: In 1961 the Bangalore Metropolitan Board was formed. The Board prepared an Outline Development Plan (O.D.P.). In February, 1963, the Mysore Town and Country Planning Act, 1961 came into force with effect from January 15, 1965. Section 81-A(a) of the Act provides that the Outline Devel- opment Plan for the Bangalore Metropolitan Area prepared by the Bangalore Metropolitan Planning Board shall be deemed to be the Outline Development Plan of the Planning Area com- prising the City of Bangalore, prepared under the Act, by the Planning Authority of the Area. Section 81-A(a) further provides ’that the said plan alongwith the particulars specified in clauses (ii), (iii), (iv) 1055 and (v) of s. 12(2) shall be published and submitted to the
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State Government for provisional approval. Section 81-A(b) provides that on receipt of the plan and the particulars, the State Government shall after making such modifications as it deems fit, return the plan and the particulars to the Planning Authority for taking further action in accordance with the provisions of s. 13. Section 13 deals with approval of the Outline Development Plan. Section 76J provides for "validation of acts and proceedings". Rule 32 of the Mysore Planning Authority Rules, 1965 provides for "publication of Outline Development Plan under sub.s.(1) and sub--s.(2) of s.9." It prescribes that the publication shall be made by making a copy of the Plan available for inspection and displaying a notice in Form II, (a) at the office of the Planning Authority and (b) at such other places as may be specified by the Planning Authority. The Planning Authority is also required to publish a notice in Form II in the Official Gazette and in one or more newspapers. The Publica- tion under s.9(2) is also required to be made in the same manner. Rule 33 provides for ’Publication of Outline Devel- opment Plan and Regulations under s.13(4), and stipulates that the Outline Development Plan and the Regulations as approved by the State Government under sub-s.(3) ors.13 shall be published in the Official Gazette. A ’Notice of publication of Outline Development Plan’ was published in the Mysore Gazette dated 21.12.1967 in Form II. After the State Government provisionally approved the Plan, ’Notice of publication of Outline Development Plan’ was published in the Mysore Gazette dated 10.10.1968 again in Form II. In response to the invitation to file objec- tions, as many as 600 representations and objections were received from individuals, institutions, associations, Chambers of Commerce etc. The Outline Development Plan was finally approved by the Government and a notification to that effect was published in the Mysore Gazette dated 13.7.72. The Bangalore Improvement Trust Board desired to develop Raj Mahal Vilas Extension under the provisions of the City of Bangalore Improvement Act, 1945. Land was acquired and plots were alloted to several people. A lay out plan was prepared and conditions were imposed for construction of houses on the sites. One of the conditions of allotment was that the sites were not to be sub-divided and not more than one dwelling house was to be constructed on each of the sites. Apparently multistoreyed, high-rise buildings were not within the contemplation of either the Improvement Trust Board or the allotees at the time of allotment. However, High buildings came up. A number of residents of the locali- ty submitted a memorandum to the Governor and 1056 the Chief Minister to take an appropriate action to prevent construction of high-rise buildings in residential area of Raj Mahal Vilas Extention. Since there was no response some persons resorted to ’Public Interest Litigation, by filing writ petitions alleging that the Outline Development Plan for Bangalore which had been published in the prescribed manner had been ignored by the authorities in granting permission to the appellants to construct the high-rise buildings and that permits had been granted to construct eight-floor residential buildings going to a height of 80 feet whereas under the regulations the maximum permissible height of a building was only 55 feet. Writs were sought to quash the permits granted for construction, to restrain the appellants from constructing the eight-floor buildings, to direct them to demolish the structures already put up and to require the Bangalore Urban Area Commission to recommend to
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the State Government against the construction of highrise buildings in any of the existing extensions of Banglore. The High Court allowed the petitions and declared the licences granted for constructions illegal and directed the Commissioner, Corporation of the City of Bangalore to modify the licences os as to bring them in confirmity with the Outline Development Plan and the Zonal Regulations appended thereto promulgated under s.13(4) of the Karnataka Town and Country Planning Act and take all consequential actions in accordance with law. In the appeal to this Court, on behalf of the appellants it was contended: (1) that publication of the Outline Devel- opment Plan and the Regulations in the prescribed manner, that is, in the Official Gazette was mandatory under s. i3(4) and that failure to so publish the Outline Development Plan and the Regulations rendered them ineffective. The licences already granted to the appellants could not be cancelled or directed to be modified so as to be in accord with the Outline Development Plan and the Regulations; (2) that the Regulations were distinct from the Outline Develop- ment Plan and that in the case of the Regulations, there was no attempt whatever at publication; (3) that the High Court was in error in holding that s.76 J cured whatever defect there was in regard to the publication of the Plan and the Regulations and that the Outline Development Plan and the Regulations became effective as soon as they were approved by the Government under s. 13(3) of the Act irrespective of the date of publication under s.13(4); (4) that offer of inspection cannot be a substitute for publication; (5) that s. 13(1) used the words "the Plan and the particulars", s. 13(2) used the words "the Plan and the the Regulations". s.13(3) used the words "the Plan and the Regulations" and s.13(4) used the words "the Out- 1057 line Development Plan and the Regulations" as well as the words "the Plan and the Regulations" and this signified that the particulars and the Regulations are not to be treated as part of the plan but as creations distinct from the Plan. In the notice published on 27.6.1972, the Planning Authority mentioned that the Plan was available for inspection at the office of the planning authority but made no reference to the Regulations and, therefore, it must be considered that the Regulations were not made available for inspection and so never published; and (6) that neither the Municipal Corporation nor any other Civic Authority appeared to be aware of the Outline Development Plan and the Regulations as was evident from the circumstances that in the years that passed since the approval of the Plan by the Government and before the writ petitions were filed, as many as 57 build- ings licences had admittedly been issued in contravention of the Regulations. On behalf of the respondents it was contended: (1) that there was sufficient publication of the Plan and the Regula- tions, that the Plan and Regulations were always kept avail- able for inspection at the office of the concerned authori- ties and that it was not the case of the appellants origi- nally that there was no publication and that they had no knowledge of the Plan and the Regulations: (2) that the defect in the publication of the Plan and the Regulations was effectively cured by s.76J and the passage of time; and (3) that the Regulations were integral part of the Outline Development Plan. Dismissing the Appeal, HELD 1. There was compliance with the requirements of s. 13(4) of the Mysore Town and Country Planning Act, 1961 and
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Rule 33 of the Mysore Planning Authority Rules, 1965. [1075G] 2. At every stage the public were informed by notices published in the Official Gazette that the Outline Develop- ment Plan was available for inspection at the office of the Planning Authority. [1078H] 3. The Authorities justifiably always treated the Plan as including the Regulations and what was kept for inspec- tion was the Plan alongwith the Regulations. [1079A-B] 4.(i) Where a law, whether Parliamentary or subordinate, demands compliance, those that are governed must be notified directly and reliably of the law and all changes and addi- tions made to it by various processes. Whether law is viewed from the standpoint of the 1058 ’conscientious good man’ seeking to abide by law or from the standpoint of Justice Holmes’s ’unconscentious bad man’ seeking to avoid the law, law must be known, that is to say, it must be so made that it can be known. [1074C-E] 4.(ii) Delegated or subordinate Legislation is all pervasive and there is hardly any field of activity where governance by delegated or subordinate legislative powers is not as important if not more important, than governance by Parliamentary legislation. But unlike Parliamentary Legisla- tion which is publicly made, delegated or subordinate Legis- lation, is often made unobtrusively in the chambers of a Minister, a Secretary to the Government or other official dignitary. It is, therefore, necessary that subordinate Legislation, in order to take effect, must be published or promulgated in some suitable manner, whether such publica- tion or promulgation is prescribed by the parent statute or not. [1074E-F] 4.(iii) Where the parent statute prescribes the mode of publication or promulgation that mode must be followed. Where the parent statute is silent, but the subordinate Legislation itself prescribes the manner of publication such a mode of publication may be sufficient, if reasonable. If the subordinate Legislation, does not prescribe the mode of publication or if the subordinate Legislation prescribes a plainly unreasonable mode of publication it will take effect only when it is published from the customarily recognised official channel, namely, the Official Gazette or some other reasonable mode of publication. There may be subordinate Legislation which is concerned with a few individuals or is confined to small local areas. In such cases publication or promulgation by other means may be sufficient. [1074F-H; 1075A] 4.(iv) In the present case, s.13(4) has prescribed the mode of publication of Outline Development Plan and the Regulations. It requires the Outline Development Plan and the Regulations to be published in the prescribed manner and the Plan and particulars to be permanently displayed in the office of the Director and the Planning Authority and a copy to be kept available for the inspection of the public at the office of the Planning Authority. The particulars referred to presumably are the particulars mentioned in s. 12(2) of the Act consisting of various reports, including the Regula- tions. ’The prescribed manner’ is what is prescribed by Rule 33, that is, publication in the Official Gazette. [1075A-C] 4.(v) Under s.9(1) and 9(2) also the Outline Development Plan is 1059 required to be published in ’the prescribed manner’. The prescribed manner for the purposes of sub---s.(1) and (2) of s.9 is that prescribed by Rule 32. Rule 32 prescribes making
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a copy of the Plan available for inspection, publishing a notice in Form No. II in the Official Gazette and in one or more newspapers and displaying a notice in Form No.11 at the office of the Planning Authority and at other specified places. [1075C-E] 4.(vi) Rule 33 speaks of publication of approved Outline Development Plan and Regulations in the Official Gazette suggestive of a requirement that the Outline Development Plan and Regulations should bodily be incorporated in the Official Gazette. But if the entire scheme of the Act and the rule is considered as an integral whole it becomes obvious that what s. 13(4) contemplates besides permanently displaying the Plan and the particulars in the offices of Director and Planning Authority and keeping available a copy for the inspection of the public at the office of Planning Authority, is a.public notice to the general public that the Plan and Regulations are permanently displayed and are available for inspection by the public. Such public notice is required to be given by a publication in the Official Gazette. This is how it was understood by the authority and everyone else concerned and this is how it was done in the present case. This appears to be a reasonable and a rational interpretation of s.13(4) and Rule 33 in the setting and the scheme. [1075D-H] 4.(vii) Section 13(1) requires the provisional Outline Development Plan and particulars to be published by notifi- cation in the Official Gazette with a view to invite com- ments from the public. What was published in the present case under s.13(1) was also a notice in Form No. II and not the whole of the Plan and particulars. Such publication evoked considerable public response. As many as 600 repre- sentations from individuals and Institutions were received. Therefore everyone concerned, i.e., the Government, the Director, the Planning Authority and the public, individual and institution alike, thought that publication of a notice in the Gazette inviting the attention of the public to the display and availability for inspection of the Plan and particulars was all that was contemplated by the provisions providing for publication. There is no reason or justifica- tion to adopt an interpretation which departs from common understanding of the Act and the Rules. [1075H; 1076A-C] Shalagram Jhajharia v. National Co. Ltd. & Ors., [1965] 35 Company Cases 706, Firestone Tyre & Rubber Co. v. Syn- thetics & Chemicals Ltd. & Ors., [1971] 41 Company Cases 377,Municipal Board, Pushkar v. State Transport Authority, Rajasthan & Ors., [1963] Suppl. 2 1060 S.C.R. 373 and Joint Chief Controller of Imports & Exports, Madras v. M/s. Aminchand Mutha etc., [1966] 1 S.C.R. 262, distinguished. 5. The effect of the non-performance of a duty imposed by a statute in the manner prescribed by the statute is not discovered by a simple answer to the question whether the statute is mandatory or directory. These are not simple chemical reactions. The question whether a statutory re- quirement is mandatory or directory cannot itself be an- swered easily. Many considerations must prevail and the object and the context are the most important. [1077A-B] Liverpool Borough v. Turner, [1861] 30 L J Ch 379, referred to. 6.(i) The High Court was of the view that such defect as there was in regard to publication of the Plan was cured by s.76J, the Omnibus Curative clause, called by this Court as the "Ganga" clause. Provisions similar to s.76J are found in several modern Acts and their object is to put beyond chal-
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lenge defects of constitution of statutory bodies and de- fects of procedure which have not led to any substantial prejudice. A defective publication which has otherwise served its purpose is not sufficient to render i1legal what is published and that such defect is cured by Section 76 J. [1077B-D] Bangalore Woollen, Cotton & Silk Mills Co. Ltd. Banga- lore v. Corporation of the City of Bangalore, [1961] 3 S.C.R. 707 and Municipal Board, ’Sitapur v. Prayag Narain Saigal & Firms Moosaram Bhagwandas, [1969] 3 S.C.R. 387, followed. 6.(ii) In the present case, there certainly was an effort to bring the Plan and Regulations to the notice of the public by giving notice of the Plan in the Official Gazette. Non-publication of the Plan in the Official Gazette was, therefore, a curable defect capable of being cured by s.76J. [1077H; 1078A-B] 7. Failure of the appellants to plead want of publica- tion or want of knowledge assumes importance. In the answer to the Writ Petitions, the appellants took up the substan- tial plea that they had complied with the requirements of the Outline Development Plan and the Regulations but not that they had no knowledge of any such requirement. It can safely be said that the defect or irregularity did not effect the merits of the case. [1078B] 8. The Outline Development Plan and the Regulations are not 1061 distinct from each other. The Regulations are born out of the Plan and the Plan thrives on the Regulations. The Plan is the basis for the Regulations and the Regulations are what make the plan effective. Without the Regulations, the Plan virtually becomes a dead letter. The reference in the four clauses of s.13, where the word ’Plan’ or the ’Outline Development Plan’ is used, is to the core plan, without the particulars and the Regulations and not the whole of the Outline Development Plan which must include the Regulations. What the different phraseology is meant to convey is to emphasise tile different parts of the Plan which have to be forwarded to the Government, considered by the Government, made available for inspection by the public, as the case may be and to the extent necessary. Merely because the words "and Regulations" are added to the word ’Plan’, the Regula- tions are not to be treated as not constituting part of the Plan even as when a building is sold along with the fix- tures, it does not mean that the fixtures are not treated as part of the building. [1078D-G] 9. Notwithstanding the Regulations some building li- cences were granted in contravention of the Regulations but that only exposes the deplorable laxity of the concerned authorities and emphasises the need for greater public vigilance. The present Writ Petitions are forerunners of such vigilance. [1079C-D]
JUDGMENT: CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos. 2780-81 of 1982 From the Judgment and Order dated 11.6. 1982 of the Karnataka High Court in Writ Petition No.3386 and 3387 of 1981 K.S. Cooper, Dr. Y.S. Chitale, Mrs. P.S. Shroff, S.S. Shroff and Mrs. Kiran Chaudhary for the Appellants. M. Veerappa, A.K. Sharma, K.N. Singh, S.S. JavaIi, G.P. Shivaprakash and B.P. Singh for the Respondents.
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The Judgment of the Court was delivered by CHINNAPPA REDDY, J. Bangalore was a beautiful city--once. It was a city with magic and charm, with elegant avenues, gorgeous flowers, lovely gardens and plentiful spaces. Not now. That was before the invasion of concrete and steel, of soot and smoke, of high-rise and the fast buck. Gone are the flowers, gone are the trees, gone are the avenues. gone are the spaces. We are now greeted with tail puffing 1062 chimneys and monstrous high-rise buildings, both designed to hurt the eye, the environment and the man. But they are thought by many as symbols of progress and modernity. They have come to stay. Perhaps they are necessary. Nostalgic sentiments, we suppose, must yield to modern societal re- quirements. Smoking Chimneys produce much needed goods. High-rise buildings save much-scarce space. They have a place in the scheme of things. But where, how, to what extent, at what cost, are the questions raised by some aggrieved citizens of Bangalore. They want congestion to be prevented, population density to be controlled, lung spaces to be provided where people can breath, existing recreation- al facilities to be preserved and improved, pollution and health hazards to be removed, civic and social amenities to be provided etc. All these require a balanced use of avail- able land. It is with that object that the Mysore Town and Country Planning Act was enacted in 1961 and it is with the interpretation of some of the provisions of that Act that we are concerned in these appeals. The problem and the pain have been well brought out by the Chairman of the Bangalore Urban Arts Commission (4th respondent before the High Court) in the Chairman’s response to an editorial in a local newspaper. It is extracted in the Additional Statement filed in the High Court by the Writ Petitioners. He says, "when we speak of saving Bangalore’s skyline and its cherished character, we are apt to be misun- derstood even by some well-meaning citizens. Vested inter- ests and busybodies with an easy conscience would in any case rubber wall any consideration of argument because the present time, with the skyrocketing property value, is a great opportunity for them to "make hay". They would rather sell the city than dwell on its future. We are not speaking only of the central areas of the city--even when we regard them, understandably enough as more precious than the rest of the city. Nor are we trying to guard the City’s supposed "colonial solitude" which, we know, vanished many decades ago. We are not afflicted with irrational nostalgia and have no fetish about bungalows and court yards. We are aware of the dynamics of a modern city. All that we want--and it was ably summed up in your editori- al is that we must prevent any more ugliness and haphazard- ness, of which we have had more than what Bangalore can take if it is to stay as the City Beautiful, with its planned spaciousness and (still) largely unclustered skyline. We also want, without any further delay, a vigilant, clearly speltout and scrupulously honest system to ensure an orderly growth of the city, in "Keeping with the capacity of its services, like water supply, drainage and roads". 1063 I entirely agree that for new areas we must provide for more density of population if we are to get adequate mileage from per capital expenditure, and if we are to release sufficient lung-spaces for recreational and community activ- ities. In fact, we have long back suggested to City Planners to plan for self-contained and self-sufficient clusters of
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multiple-storey blocks, with their own plazas, shopping and recreational centers, in carefully selected locations and in keeping with the available services. Again, there is no doubt that coverage per plot must be systematically reduced through imaginatively formulated bye-laws, if we are to continue the garden-city character of the City’s new areas. It is utterly mystifying however, that such obviously valid thoughts and suggestions should end with the plea for "concentrated growth"-presumely in the central area of the city and preferably with high-rise buildings. Such growth which is bound to obliterate what we have still left of this beautiful city and put further strains on its traffic, water supply and drainage, is cer- tainly not going to help the proletarian office-goer or house-seeker. It will serve only the big-time builder, the high-spending rich and--last but not least--the fast-buck chasing wheeler-dealers and busybodies mentioned above. "Now that the State Government has announced a clear policy in this behalf, there is no reason why we should not expect the best. This Commission has made its own contribu- tion to the formulation of a new set of building bye-laws which aim at the much needed regulation--on fully modern lines--of this City’s future growth, and which leave minimum scope for corruption. We hope that these will be adopted soon. We look forward to a new approach and a new era-free from the stench of corruption. We hope that these will be adopted soon. We look forward to a new approach and a new era-free from the strench of corruption, innuendoes and loose talk of "motives", and characterised by future-think- ing. After all, we have the City Beautiful because of the future thinking and hard work of the planners and adminis- trators." Raj Mahal Vilas Extension is a sparsely developed area of the city of Bangalore which the Bangalore Improvement Trust Board desired to develop under the provisions of the city of Bangalore Improvement Act, 1945. Land was acquired and plots were allotted to several people. A lay-out was prepared and conditions were imposed for construction of houses on the sites. The present appellants as well as the petitioners before the High Court were all of them allottees 1064 from the Improvement Trust Board. One of the conditions of allotment was that the sites were not to be sub-divided and not more than one dwelling house was to be constructed on each of the sites. Apparently multistoreyed, high-rise buildings were not within the contemplation of either the Improvement Trust Borad or the allottees at the time of allotment. However, the petitioners before the High Court were dismayed to find such high-rise buildings coming up in the Raj Mahal Vilas Extension. Apprehending that there was going to be an invasion of the privacy of the residents of the locality, a disturbance of the peace and tranquility of the residential area, an interference with basic civic amenities consequent on haphazard rise of high-rise build- ings, and exposing of the residents to all manners of health hazards and interference with their way of living, a number of residents of the locality submitted a memorandum to the Governor and the Chief Minister of the State to take appro- priate action to prevent the construction of high-rise buildings in a residential area such as the Raj Mahal Vilas Extension. There was no response from the authorities. In desperation, some of the persons who submitted the memoran- dum resorted to ’Public Interest Litigation’ and filed the writ petitions out of which the present appeals arise. Their principal complaint was that the Outline Development Plan
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for Bangalore which had been published in the prescribed manner had been ignored by the authorities in granting permission to the appellants to construct the high-rise buildings. The first of the grounds mentioned in the writ petitions was that permits had been granted to construct eight-floor residential buildings going to a height of 80 feet whereas under the regulations the maximum permissible height of a building was only 55 feet. The inconveniences, discomforts and the hazards to which such a high-rise build- ing in a residential locality would expose the other resi- dents of the locality were explained in the writ petition and writs were sought to quash the permits granted for construction and to restrain the present appellants from constructing the eight-floor buildings and to direct them to demolish the structures already put up. There was also a prayer to require the Bangalore Urban Arts Commission to recommend to the State of Karnataka against the construction of high-rise buildings in any of the existing extensions of Bangalore. Writ Petition No. 3386 of 1981 out of which arises Civil Appeal No. 2780 of 1982 and Writ Petition No. 3387 of 1981 out of which arises Civil Appeal No. 2781 of 1982 were filed on 25.2.81. In Writ Petition No. 3386 of 1981 an interim order was initially refused by a learned Single Judge but on appeal a Division Bench of the High Court granted an interim order restraining the appellants in Civil Appeal No. 2780 of 1982 from raising further construc- tion. However, in the special leave petition filed by 1065 the appellants the order of the learned Single Judge was restored subject to an undertaking given by the appellants that in the event of the original writ petition being al- lowed and the construction being required to be pulled down, the appellants will not raise any objection and will not plead the construction during the pendency of the writ petition as a defence to the pulling down of the construc- tion. The order of the Supreme Court was made on 2.6.81. In W.P. No. 3387 of 1981 the High Court made an interim order on 24.7.81 permitting the appellants in Civil Appeal No. 2781 of 1982 to proceed with the construction subject to the appellants giving an undertaking similar to the undertaking given by the appellants in the other connected appeal. We find from the judgment of the High Court that in W.P. No. 3386 of 1981 only excavation work had been done by the time of the filing of the petition and that the work was complet- ed only after the undertaking was given to the Supreme Court. In the other case the ground floor had been con- structed and pillars had been put up for the next floor when the writ petition was filed. The work was completed after the undertaking was given to the Division Bench of the High Court. We may add that again in this Court when the appel- lants sought interim orders to enable them to complete the construction during the pendency of the present appeals they gave an undertaking that they would complete the construc- tion work of the 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th floors at their own risk and cost and that they will raise no objection whatever to this Court passing an order for demolition of the said floors if the Court was ultimately inclined to pass such an order and that they would claim no compensation for demolition, if ordered. The present appellants contested the writ petitions. The writ petitions appeared to have been argued in the first instance before a learned single Judge who after hearing the petitions for some considerable time referred them for hearing by a Division Bench. The Division Bench commenced hearing the writ petitions on 16.3.82 and on 22.3.82 a
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further contention was raised by the appellants that the Outline Development Plan and the Regulations were never published, consequently they have never become effective and, therefore, there was no need for any compliance with the requirements of the plan and the regulations. As it turns out this is the only contention which was finally argued before the High Court and before us. The High Court overruled the contention and declared the licences granted for construction illegal and directed the Commissioner, Corporation of the City of Bangalore to modify the licences so as to bring them in conformity with the Outline Develop- ment Plan and the Zonal Regulations appended thereto promul- gated under Section 13(4) of the Karnataka 1066 Town and Country Planning Act and take all consequential action in accordance with law. Shri Cooper, learned counsel for the appellants urged that publication of the Outline Development Plan and the Regulations in the prescribed manner, that is, in the Offi- cial Gazette was mandatory under Section 13(4) and that failure to so publish the Outline Development Plan and the Regulations rendered them ineffective. The licences already granted to the appellants could not be cancelled or directed to be modified so as to be in accord with the Outline Devel- opment Plan and the Regulations. It was further urged that the Regulations were distinct from the Outline Development Plan and that in the case of the Regulations, there was no attempt whatever at publication. It was submitted that the High Court was in error in holding that Section 76J cured whatever defect there was in regard to the publication of the Plan and the Regulations. It was said that the High Court was also in error in holding that the Outline Develop- ment Plan and the Regulations became effective as soon as they were approved by the Government under Section 13(3) of the Act irrespective of the date of publication under Sec- tion 13(4). On the other hand, it was submitted by Shri Javali, learned counsel for the writ petitioners in the High Court that there was sufficient publication of the Plan and the Regulations, that the Plan and the Regulations were always kept available for inspection at the office of the concerned authorities and that it was not the case of the appellants originally that there was no publication and that they had no knowledge of the Plan and the Regulations. It was only after-thought, put forward in the course of the arguments at the final stage of the hearing of the writ petitions. It was submitted that such defect as there was in the publication of the Plan and the Regulations was effec- tively cured by Section 76J and the passage of time. It was also pointed out that the Regulations were an integral part of the Outline Development Plan. In order to appreciate the rival contentions of the parties, it is necessary to refer to the relevant statutory provisions. In 1961 the Bangalore Metropolitan Planning Board was formed. The Board prepared an Outline Development Plan (For short, O.D.P.). In February 1963 the Mysore Town and Country Planning Act, 1961 came into force with effect from January 15, 1965. Section 81-A(a) of the Act provides that the Outline Development Plan for the Bangalore Metropolitan Area prepared by the Bangalore Metropolitan Planning Board shall be deemed to be the Outline Develop- 1067 ment Plan of the Planning Area comprising the City of Banga- lore, prepared under the Act, by the Planning Authority of the Area. Section 81-(a) further provides that the said plan
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along with the particulars specified in clauses (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v) of Section 12(2) shall be published and submit- ted to the State Government for provisional approval. Sec- tion 81--A(b) provides that on receipt of the plan and particulars, the State Government shall after making such modifications as it deems fit, return the plan and the particulars to the Planning Authority, which shall thereupon take further action in accordance with the provisions of Section 13. Section 2(3) defines ’land use’ to mean the major use to which a plot of land is being used on any specified date. Section 2(4) defines ’notification’ to mean a notification published in the Official Gazette. ’Planning Area’ is de- fined by Section 2(6) to mean the area declared to be a local planning area under the Act in the case of the local planning area comprising the city of Bangalore. ’Planning Authority’ is defined to mean the Planning Authority consti- tuted under the Act. Section 2(9) defines ’prescribed’ to mean prescribed by rules made under the Act. Section 2(11) defines ’regulations’ to mean the Zonal Regulations govern- ing land-use made under the Act. Chapter III of the Act deals with Outline Development Plan (O.D.P.). Section 9(1) empowers the Planning Authority to prepare and publish in the prescribed manner an Outline Development Plan for the area within its jurisdiction and submit it to the State Government for provisional approval. Section 9(4) prescribes that a copy of the O.D.P. sent to the State Government under sub-section(1) shall be kept open for inspection by the public at the head office of the Planning Authority before carrying out a survey for the purpose of preparing an O.D.P. for such an area. A Planning Authority is required by Section 10 to make a declaration of its intention to prepare such plan and to despatch a copy of the same to the State Government for publication in the Official Gazette and is also required to publish in the prescribed manner an invitation to the public to make sug- gestions. All suggestions made in response to the invitation within the prescribed period are required to be considered by the Planning Authority before submitting the plan to the State Government. Section 12 deals with the contents of Outline Development Plan and we think it necessary to ex- tract here the whole of the section. Section 13 deals with approval of the Outline Development Plan and we think that it is necessary to extract Section 13 also. Sections 12 and 13 are as follows: 1068 "S. 12. Contents of Outline Development Plan--(1) An Outline Development Plan shall generally indicate the manner in which the development and improvement of the entire planning area within the jurisdiction of the Planning Authority are to be carried out and regulated. In particular it shall include,-- (a) a general land-use plan and zoning of land-use for residential, commercial, indus- trial, agricultural, recreational, educational and other public purposes; (b) proposals for roads and highways; (c) proposals for the reservation of land for the purposes of the Union, any State, any local authority or any other authority estab- lished by law in India; (d) proposals for declaring certain areas as areas of special control, development in such areas being subject to such regulations as may
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be made in regard to building line, height of buildings, floor area ratio, architectural features and such other particulars as may be prescribed; (e) such other proposals for public or other purposes as may from time to time be approved by the Planning Authority or directed by the State Government in this behalf. Explanation--’building line’ means the line up to which the plinth of a building adjoining a street may lawfully extend and includes the lines prescribed, if any, in any scheme. (2) The following particulars shall be published and sent to the State Government through the Director along with the Outline Development Plan, namely:- (i) a report of the surveys carried out by the Planning Authority before the preparation of such plan; (ii) a report explaining the provisions of such Plan; (iii) regulations in respect of each land use zone to enforce 1069 the provisions of such plan and explaining the manner in which necessary permission for developing any land can be obtained from the Planning Authority; (iv) a report of the stages by which it is proposed to meet the obligations imposed on the Planning Authority by such a plan; (v) an approximate estimate of the cost in- volved in the acquisition of lands reserved for public purposes." "S.13. Approval of the Outline Development Plan--(1) On receipt of the Outline Develop- ment Plan with the particulars referred to in Section 12 from the Planning Authority under sub-section (1) of Section 9, or after such plan and particulars are prepared and pub- lished under subsection (2) of Section 9 the State Government after making such modifica- tions as it deems fit or as may be advised by the Director, shall return through the Direc- tor, the plan and the particulars to the Planning Authority, which shall thereupon pub- lish, by notification, the plan and the par- ticulars inviting public comments within one month of such publication. (2) If within one month of the publication under subsection (1) any member of the public communicates in writing to the Planning Au- thority any comments on the plan and the regulations, the Planning Authority shall consider such comments and resubmit the plan and the regulations to the State Government, through the Director with recommendations for such modifications in the plan and regulations as it considers necessary in the light of the public comments made on the plan and regula- tions. (3) The State Government, after receiving the plan and the regulations and the recommen- dation for modifications from the Planning
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Authority, shall in consultation with the Director, give its final approval to the plan and the regulations with such modifications as the Director may advice in the light of the comments and the recommendations of the Plan- ning Authority or otherwise. (4) The Planning Authority, shall then publish in the 1070 prescribed manner the Outline Development Plan and the Regulations as approved by the Govern- ment. The plan and the particulars shall be permanently displayed in the offices of the Director and the Planning Authority and a copy shall be kept available for inspection of the public at the office of the Planning Authori- ty." Section 14 speaks of ’Enforcement of the Outline Devel- opment Plan and the Regulations’. Section 14(1) prescribes that on and from the date on which a declaration of inten- tion to prepare an outline is published under sub-section (1) of Section 10, every land use, every change in land use and every development in the area shall conform to the provisions of the Act, the Outline Development Plan and the Regulations as finally approved by the State Government under subsection (3) of Section 13. The only other provision of the Act to which reference is necessary is, what we may call the, "Ganga" clause*, Section 76J which provides for ’Validation of acts and proceedings’. It is as follows: "76 J. Validation of acts and proceedings--No act done or proceeding taken under this Act shall be questioned on the ground merely of, (a) the existence of any vacancy in, or any defect in the constitution of the Board or any Planning Authority; (b) any person having ceased to be a member; (c) any person associated with the Board or any planning authority under section 4F having voted in contravention of the said section; or (d) the failure to serve a notice on any person, where no substantial injustice has resulted from such failure; or (e) any omission, defect or irregularity not affecting the merits of the case." We may also refer here to the rules relating to publica- tion. Rule 32 provides for "publication of Outline Develop- ment Plan under sub- 1’ According to Hindu tradition the waters of the Ganga purify, cleans the sins and remedy all insufficiencies. 1071 section (1) and sub-section (2) of Section 9". It prescribes that the publication shall be made by making a copy of the Plan available for inspection and displaying a notice in Form II, (a) at the office of the Planning Authority and (b) at such other places as may be specified by the Planning Authority. The Planning Authority is also required to pub- lish a notice in Form II in the Official Gazette and in one or more newspapers. The publication under Section 9(2) is also required to be made in the same manner except that reference to Planning Authority is to be construed as a reference to the Director. Rule 33 provides for ’Publication of Outline Development Plan and Regulations under Section 13(4)’ and stipulates that the Outline Development Plan and the Regulations as approved by the State Government under
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subsection (3) of Section 13 shall be published in the Official Gazette. Form 11 referred to in Rule 32 is as follows: FORM NO. II (Rule 32) NOTICE OF PUBLICATION OF OUTLINE DEVELOPMENT PLAN Notice is hereby given that an Outline Development Plan of ............. area has been prepared under the Mysore Town and Country Planning Act, 1961 (Mysore Act 11 of 1963) and a copy thereof is available for inspection at the office of the Planning Authority during office hours. If there be any objection or suggestion in respect of the Outline Development Plan, it should be lodged on or before the .......... Every such objection or suggestion should either be presented in the office of the Planning Authority or sent by registered post to the Planning Authority." We said earlier that the Outline Development Plan for the Bangalore Metropolitan Area was prepared by the Banga- lore Metropolitan Planning Board and that under Section 81J of the Mysore Town and Country Planning Act, it was deemed to be the Outline Development Plan of the planning area comprising the city of Bangalore, prepared under the Act, by the Planning Authority of such 1072 area. A ’Notice of publication of Outline Development Plan’ was published in the Mysore Gazette on 21.12.1967 in Form II. It was as follows: "OFFICE OF THE PLANNING AUTHORITY BANGALORE CITY, PLANNING AREA, BAN- GALORE-9 Notice of Publication of Outline Development Plan Notice is hereby given that an Outline Development Plan of Bagalore City Planning Area has been prepared under the Mysore Town and Country Planning Act, 1961 (Mysore Act 11 of 1963) and a copy thereof is available for inspection at the office of the Planning Authority in Seshadri Road, Bangalore City during office hours. If there be any objection or sugges- tion in respect of the Outline Development Plan, it should be lodged on or before the 15th day of February, 1968. Every such objection or suggestion should either be presented in the office of the Planning Authority or sent by registered post to the Planning Authority. K. Balasubramanyam CHAIRMAN" After the State Government provisionally approved the Plan ’Notice of publication of Outline Development Plan’ was published in the Mysore Gazette dated 10.10.68 again in Form II. The Notification was in the following terms: "OFFICE OF THE CHAIRMAN, PLANNING AUTHORITY BANGALORE CITY PLANNING AREA, BANGALORE-9 Notice of Publication of Outline Development Plan.
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Notice is hereby given that an Out- line Development Plan of Bangalore City Plan- ning Area has been prepared under the Mysore Town and Country Planning Act, 1961 (Mysore Act 11 of 1963). The said Plan has been provi- sion- 1073 ally approved by the Government of Mysore as per Section 13(1) of the above Act. A copy of the above approved plan and the report are available for inspection at the office of the Planning Authority in Seshadri Road, Bangalore City during office hours. If there be any objection or sugges- tion in respect of the Outline Development Plan it should be lodged within 30 days from the date of publication of this notice in the Gazette. Every such objection or suggestion should either be presented in the office of the Planning Authority or sent by registered post to the Planning Authority. CHAIRMAN PLAN- NING AUTHORITY" It appears that in response to the invitation to file objec- tions, as many as 600 representations and objections were received from individuals, institutions, associations, Chambers of Commerce etc. The Outline Development Plan was finally approved by the Government and a notification to that effect was published in the Mysore Gazette dated 13.7. 1972 in the following terms: "OFFICE OF THE CHAIRMAN, PLANNING AUTHORITY BANGALORE CITY PLANNING AREA, BANGALORE-9. Dated, 27th June 1972. Notice of Publication of Outline Development Plan. In pursuance of Rule 33 of the Mysore Planning Authority Rules 1965 Notice is hereby given that an Outline Development Plan of Bangalore City Planning Area has been prepared under the Mysore Town and Country Planning Act, 1961 (Mysore Act 11 of 1963). The said plan has been finally approved by the Govern- ment of Mysore as per Section 13(3) of the above Act. A copy of the above approved plan and the report are available for inspection at the office of the Planning Authority in Sesha- dri Road, Bangalore City, during office hours. 1074 M.S. Ramachandra Chairman Planning Authority." It is seen that ’at every stage the public were informed by notices published in the Official Gazette that the Outline Development Plan was available for inspection at the office of the Planning Authority, though it is not disputed that the Plan and the Regulations themselves were never published as such in the Gazette. The question for consideration is whether the intimation to the public through the Official Gazette that the Outline Development Plan was available for inspection at the office of the Planning Authority is a sufficient compliance with the requirement of Section 13(4) regulating the publication of the approved Plan and Regula-
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tions? There can be no doubt about the proposition that where a law, whether Parliamentary or subordinate, demands compli- ance, those that are governed must be notified directly and reliably of the law and all changes and additions made to it by various processes. Whether law is viewed from the stand- point of the ’conscientious good man’ seeking to abide by the law or from the standpoint of Justice Holmes’s ’Uncon- scientious bad man’ seeking to avoid the law, law must be known, that is to say, it must be so made that it can be known. We know that delegated or subordinate legislation is all pervasive and that there is hardly any field of activity where governance by delegated or subordinate legislative powers is not as important if not more important, than governance by Parliamentary legislation. But unlike Parlia- mentary Legislation which is publicly made, delegated or subordinate legislation is often made, unobtrusively in the chambers of a Minister, a Secretary to the Government or other official dignitary. It is, therefore, necessary that subordinate legislation, in order to take effect, must be published or promulgated in some suitable manner, whether such publication or promulgation is prescribed by the parent statute or not. It will then take effect from the date of such publication or promulgation. Where the parent statute prescribes the mode of publication or promulgation that mode must be followed. Where the parent statute is silent, but the subordinate legislation itself prescribes the manner of publication, such a mode of publication may be sufficient, if reasonable. If the subordinate legislation does not prescribe the mode of publication or if the subordinate legislation prescribes a plainly unreasonable mode of publi- cation, it will take effect only when it is published through the customarily recognised official channel, namely, the Official Gazette or some other reasonable mode of publi- cation. There may be subordinate legislation which is con- cerned with a 1075 few individuals or is confined to small local areas. In such cases publication or promulgation by other means may be sufficient. * In the present case Section 13(4) has prescribed the mode of publication of the Outline Development Plan and the Regulations. It requires the Outline Development Plan and the Regulations to be published in the prescribed manner and the Plan and particulars to be permanently displayed in the offices of the Director and the Planning Authority and a copy to be kept available for the inspection of the public at the office of the Planning Authority. The particulars referred to, we presume, are the particulars mentioned in Section 12(2) of the Act consisting of various reports, including the Regulations. ’The prescribed manner’ is what is prescribed by Rule 33, that is, publication in the Offi- cial Gazette. If we now turn to Section 9(1) and 9(2), we find that there too the the Outline Development Plan is required to be published in ’the prescribed manner’. The prescribed manner for the purposes of sub-sections (1) and (2) of Section 9 is that prescribed by Rule 32. Rule 32 we have seen prescribes making a copy of the Plan available for inspection, publishing a notice in Form No. II in the Offi- cial Gazette and in one or more newspapers and displaying a notice in Form No. II at the office of Planning Authority and at other specified places. It is true that Rule 33 speaks of publication of approved Outline Development Plan and Regulations in the Official Gazette, suggestive of a requirement that the Outline Development Plan and Regula-
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tions should bodily be incorporated in the Official Gazette. But if the entire scheme of the Act and the rules is consid- ered as an integral whole it becomes obvious that what Section 13(4) contemplates besides permanently displaying the plan and the particulars in the offices of Director and Planning Authority and keeping available a copy for the inspection of the public at the office of Planning Authority is a public notice to the general public that the Plan and Regulations are permanently displayed and are available for inspection by the public. Such public notice is required to be given by a publication in the Official Gazette, This is how it was understood by the authorities and everyone else concerned and this is how it was done in the present case. This appears to be a reasonable and a rational interpreta- tion on Section 13(4) and Rule 33 in the setting and the scheme. We are of the view that there was compliance with the requirements of Section 13(4) and Rule 33. We have earlier mentioned that Section 13(1) requires the provision- al Outline Development Plan * See Narayana Reddy, v. State of Andhra Pradesh = 1969 (1) Andhra Weekly Reporter 77. 1076 and particulars to be published by notification in the Official Gazette, with a view to invite comments from the public. What was published in the present case under Section 13(1) was also a notice in Form No. II and not the whole of the Plan and particulars. Such publication evoked considera- ble public response. As many as 600 representations from individuals and institutions were received. That is why we said that everyone concerned, that is, the Government, the Director, the Planning Authority and the public, individual and institution alike, thought that publication of a notice in the Gazette inviting the attention of the public to the display and the availability for inspection of the Plan and particulars was all that was contemplated by the provisions providing for publication. We do not think that there is any reason or justification for us to adopt an interpretation which departs from common understanding of the Act and the Rules. Shri Cooper invited our attention to Shalagram Jhajharia v. National Co. Ltd. & Ors., [1965] 35 Company Cases 706 and Firestone Tyre & Rubber Co. v. Synthetics & Chemicals Ltd. & Ors., [1971] 41 Company cases 377 to urge that offer of inspection cannot be a substitute for publication. We do not think that these two cases are of assistance to Shri Cooper. What was laid down in those cases was the mandatory require- ment of a full and frank disclosure of the relevant facts, in the explanatory note attached to the notice convening a general meeting of the company cannot be circumvented by an offer of inspection. Another case to which Shri Cooper drew our attention was Municipal Board, Pushkar v. State Trans- port Authority, Rajasthan & Ors., [1963] Suppl. 2 S.C.R. 373. In that case the question arose as to what was to be treated as the date of the order of the Regional Transport Authority. Was it the date of the resolution of the Regional Transport Authority or was it the date on which the resolu- tion was brought into effect by publication of the notifica- tion? The answer was that it was the date of the publication of the notification. In Joint Chief Controller of Imports & Exports, Madras v. M/s. Aminchand Mutha etc., [1966] 1 S.C.R. 262 another case on which Shri Cooper relied, the Court held that there was no order prohibiting the import of fountain pens, since in fact no such order had been pub- lished and no such order was brought to the notice of the Court. All that was available was an entry ’nil’ against
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fountain pens in the declaration of policy as to import. We are unable to see how these two cases can be of any help to Shri Cooper. Shri Cooper also invited our attention to cases drawing a distinction between mandatory and directory statu- tory requirements but those cases again are of no avail to him in the view that we have taken. We also desire to state that the effect of the non-perfor- 1077 mance of a duty imposed by a statute in the manner pre- scribed by the statute is not discovered by a simple answer to the question whether the statute is mandatory or directo- ry. These are not simple chemical reactions. The question whether a statutory requirement is mandatory or directory cannot itself be answered easily as was pointed out more than a century ago in Liverpool Borough v. Turner, [1861] 30 L J Ch 379. Many considerations must prevail and the object and the context are the most important. The High Court was of the view that such defect as there was in regard to publication of the Plan was cured by Sec- tion 76J,’ the Omnibus Curative clause to which we earlier made a reference as the ’Ganga’ clause. Provisions similar to s.76J are found in several modern Acts and their object is to put beyond challenge defects of constitution of statu- tory bodies and defects of procedure which have not led to any substantial prejudice. We are inclined to agree with the High Court that a defective publication which has otherwise served its purpose is not sufficient to render illegal what is published and that such defect is cured by Section 76J. The High Court relied on the two decisions of this Court Bangalore Woollon, Cotton & Silk Mills Co. Ltd. Bangalore v. Corporation of the City of Bangalore [1961] 3 S.C.R. 707 and Municipal Board, Sitapur v. Prayag Narain Saigal & Firm Moosaram Bhagwandas, [1969] 3 S.C.R. 387. In the first case objection was raised to the imposition of octroi duty on the ground that there was failure to notify the final resolution of the imposition of the tax in the Government Gazette as required by Section 98(2) of the City of Bangalore Municipal Corporation Act. A Constitution Bench of the Court held that the failure to publish the final resolution in the Official Gazette was cured by S.38(1)(b) of the Act which provided that no act done or proceeding taken under the Act shall be questioned merely on the ground of any defect or irregulari- ty in such act or proceeding, not affecting the merits of the case. The Court said that the resolution had been pub- lished in the newspapers and was communicated to those affected and failure to publish the resolution did not affect the merits of its imposition and failure to notify the resolution in the Gazette was not fatal to the legality of the imposition. In the second case it was held that the non-publication of a special resolution imposing a tax was a mere irregularity, since the inhabitants had no fight to object to special resolutions and had otherwise clear notice of the imposition of the tax. It is true that both these cases relate to non-publication of a resolution regarding imposition of a tax where the imposition of a tax was other- wise well known to the public. In the present case the situation may not be the same but there certainly was an effort to bring the Plan 1078 and regulations to the notice of the public by giving notice of the Plan in the Official Gazette. Non-publication of the Plan in the Official Gazette was therefore a curable defect capable of being cured by Section 76J. It is here that the failure of the appellants to plead want of publication or want to knowledge in the first instance assumes importance.
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In the answer to the Writ Petitions, the appellants took up the substantial plea that they had complied with the re- quirements of the Outline Development Plan and the Regula- tions but not that they had no knowledge of any such re- quirement. It can safely be said that the defect or irregu- larity did not affect the merits of the case. Finally, one last submission of Shri Cooper requires to be examined. Shri Cooper submitted that Section 13(1) used the words "the Plan and the particulars", Section 13(2) used the Words "the Plan and the Regulations," Section 13(3) used the words "the Plan and the Regulations" and Section 13(4) used the words, "the Outline Development Plan and the Regu- lations" as well as the words, "the Plan and the Regula- tions". This, according to Shri Cooper, signified that the particulars and the Regulations are not to be treated as part of the Plan but as creations distinct from the Plan. We do not think that we are entitled to split the unity and identity of the plan as suggested by the learned counsel. The Outline Development Plan and the Regulations are not distinct from each other. The regulations are born out of the Plan and the Plan thrives on the Regulations. The Plan is the basis for the Regulations and the Regulations are what make the plan effective. Without the Regulations, the plan virtually becomes a dead letter. The reference in the four clauses of Section 13, whenever the word ’Plan’ or the ’Outline Development Plan’ is used, is to the core plan, without the particulars and the Regulations and not the whole of the Outline Development Plan which must include the Regulations. What the different phraseology is meant to convey is to emphasise the different parts of the Plan which have to be forwarded to the Government, considered by the Government made available for inspection by the public, as the case may be and to the extent necessary. Merely because the words "and Regulations" are added to the word ’Plan’, the Regulations are not to be treated as not constituting part of the Plan even as when a building is sold along with the fixtures, it does not mean that the fixtures are not treated as part of the building. Shri Cooper drew the dis- tinction between the Plan and the Regulations to suggest that in the notice published on 27.6.72, the Planning Au- thority mentioned that the Plan was available for inspection at the office of the Planning Authority but made no refer- ence to the Regulations and, therefore, it must be consid- ered that the Regulations were not made 1079 available for inspection and so never published. We do not think that it is possible to reach the conclusion suggested by Shri Cooper from the absence of the reference to the Regulations in the notice. The Authorities justifiably always treated the Plan as including the Regulations and we are satisfied that what was kept for inspection was the Plan along with the Regulations. Shri Cooper argued that neither the Municipal Corpora- tion nor any other civic authority appeared to be aware of the Outline Development Plan and the Regulations as was evident from the circumstance that in the years that passed since the approval of the Plan by the Government and before the writ petitions were filed, as many as 57 building li- cences had admittedly been issued in contravention of the Regulations. It may be that notwithstanding the Regulations some building licences were granted in contravention of the Regulations but that only exposes the deplorable laxity of the concerned authorities and emphasises the need for great- er public vigilance. The present Writ Petitions, we hope, are forerunners of such vigilance.
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In the result we find no merit in the appeals which are accordingly dismissed with costs. The judgment of the High Court will now be given effect by the authorities, taking note of the several undertakings given to the High Court and this Court at various stages. A.P.J. Appeals dismissed. 1081